death penalty Essay -- essays research papers

James Felner, creator of â€Å"Mentally Retarded Don’t Belong on Death Row,† states that, â€Å"A individual is viewed as intellectually impeded on the off chance that the person in question has an altogether sub-normal general scholarly working, which for the most part implies recording an IQ score of lower than 70, and showing shortages in versatile conduct before the time of 18.† According to the American Association on Mental Retardation, it has three segments: 1.â â â â â significantly sub-normal scholarly capacity 2.â â â â â accompanying impedances in the versatile abilities of the individual 3.â â â â â manifestation of the inability before the age of 18 By what means would americans be able to put somebody waiting for capital punishment that isn't completely liable for his activities? Many contend that these individuals have perpetrated terrible killings and are completely blameworthy of a capital wrongdoing; in this way they merit capital punishment as the result of their wrongdoing. The individuals behind these contentions aren't right; it is an appalling method to manage individuals who don't comprehend the degree of their activities.      Several cases have demonstrated that sentenced criminals for beneath normal mental limit are not skillful enough to contend their case adequately. As per Felner, in the only us, there have been at any rate 33 intellectually sick men executed since the United States reestablished capital punishment in 1976. A few specialists gauge that upwards of 10-15 percent of the 3,000 men and w...

TED Tallk Free Essays

As I would see it, the entirety of the recordings that I viewed was enlightening and accommodating for an individual like me who is as yet not completely sure when talking in broad daylight, taking part in contentions and while introducing a theory or a report. Truly, It’s difficult to keep up certainty however hearing those systems on the most proficient method to confront and speak with individuals encourages me to challenge myself more since I accept that in the event that it doesn’t challenge me, it won’t transform me. As it were, on the off chance that it doesn’t challenge me, it won’t improve me. We will compose a custom paper test on TED Tallk or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The TEDtallk recordings are motivating, the vast majority of them helped me understand that all of us is an educator. Whoever we meet/met has something to do in our lives that can educate and put a major effect on us, particularly with those individuals who are increasingly experienced, with those individuals who began as a conventional people to holding onto their uniqueness as a person. I know I’m not by any means the only one who feels that individuals who gives advices are the individuals who fall once more, life thumped them down so often yet they chose to get up and accepts that they should panic their own feelings of dread. Why? Since we are greater than our feelings of trepidation. See them, remaining in stage, talking before a great many individuals since they convey so much exercises that life educated them. This isn't from TEDtalk recordings yet he is probably the best model on the most proficient method to grasp our own personality and distinction, his name is Norman King an aeta who moved on from University of the Philippines Manila. I convey a portion of his useful tidbits in my day by day life since I think that its incredible and it illuminates me consistently, that when you interface with his words you will feel and discover the spirit of committed and a dedicated man who have nothing to lose and who continues battling for their privileges despite the fact that some of aetas have dismissed their way of life. Step by step instructions to refer to TED Tallk, Papers

Knoxville

Knoxville Knoxville, city (1990 pop. 165,121), seat of Knox co., E Tenn., on the Tennessee River; inc. 1876. A port of entry, it is a trade and shipping center for a farm, bituminous-coal, and marble area. Its industries include meatpacking, tobacco marketing, and the manufacture of seat belts, clothing and textiles, electronics, mobile homes, chemicals, and marble, wood, and metal products. Tourism adds to the economy. The city is surrounded by mountains and lakes, and the Great Smoky Mts. National Park and several state parks are nearby. A house was built on the city's site c.1785, followed by a fort and then a town, named for Gen. Henry Knox . Knoxville was the capital of the Territory of the United States South of the River Ohio from 1792 to 1796 and twice (1796â€"1812, 1817â€"18) served as the state capital. During the Civil War the area was torn by divided loyalties; Federals occupied the city in Sept., 1863, and successfully withstood a Confederate siege (Nov.â€"Dec., 1863). The ci ty is the seat of the Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville College, and the Tennessee School for the Deaf. It was the site of the 1982 World's Fair, which introduced permanent new structures to the city, such as the Sunsphere and the Tennessee Amphitheatre. Knoxville also is headquarters of the Tennessee Valley Authority . Other points of interest include Confederate Memorial Hall, the William Blount Mansion (1792), a replica of the old fort, Chisholm's Tavern (1792), and other historic buildings. Nearby Pigeon Forge has Dollywood, a theme park created by country singer Dolly Parton . The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Chinese People And Government Participates In Organ...

Chinese people and government participates in organ trafficking. The people cannot admit to doing such a thing as it violates the Temporary Rules Concern in the Utilization of Corpses or Organs from the Corpses of Executed Prisoners Act, which was enacted in 1984. The act states that â€Å"the use of organs of executed criminals must be kept strictly secret, and attention must be paid to avoid negative repercussions.† (Glaser 20) The fight against The Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism came about as a result of a of a summit that was held in Istanbul by the Transplantation Society and the International Society of Nephrology. The summit discussed transplant commercialism, transplant tourism, and organ†¦show more content†¦The point of the Declaration is to ensure that any member of the medical community that is caught having anything to do with organ trafficking, will find themselves shunned by the medical community. They will also use journals to help develop ethical policies that will also cause those who do not abide by them to be shunned (Honey 425) The European Commission approved a Communication of Organ donation and Transplantations: Policy Actions at the EU Level. The Communication spoke how important organ transplantation had become over the past fifty years or so and the process that it takes to properly remove an organ from a person’s body and how im portant organ transplants are to society. The Communication also spoke of areas that could be remedied by making improvements to various aspects organ donations and transplantation. These areas include: the prevention of the recipient receiving a disease from the donor through their transplanted organ. Increasing the donor pool to ease the donor shortage. Other improvements that could be made would be increase accessibility to transplant systems, ensure that the organs are safe for the recipient and making the transplant system more efficient and accessible (European Parliament). It also talks about how the need for transplants has increased with the number of organs that are being donated. Therefore, having an increase in donors does not help lessen the number of people who are waiting for aShow MoreRelatedCalling Apple, Inc. to Take Action on Human Trafficking Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking is an extremely important issue that we can’t ignore, even we are in a peaceful and legal society. As a matter of fact, there are a large number of institutions, like governments, special interest group, NGOs, social work teams, devoting themselves to call for human rights equality, combat human trafficking, and rescue those people who have been enslaved. However, as business community, only a small group of firms engage in this issue, and fulfill their social responsibilities.Read MoreBodily Products Should Not Be Marketable773 Words   |  3 PagesOrgans play an important role in the functioning of the human body. We are born with them, and they work throughout our lives to keep us alive and well. Some people aren’t so lucky and may have an organ dysfunction or health issue that requires them to get an organ transplant. In this case, a donor whose tissue cells match the recipient’s must be the one to donate. However, this process could take from a few days to a few years since there are many people on the waiting list. This provo kes the controversialRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is The Illegal Act Of The Trading Of Human Beings1510 Words   |  7 PagesHuman trafficking is the illegal act of the trading of human beings for the main purposes of sexual slavery, and forced labor. The 1400’s was the beginning of the African slave trade and has been going on ever since. This crime started in the 1400s and has been ongoing ever since, growing exponentially every decade. This crime is a violation of human rights and yet it is happening worldwide, even here in the United States. This needs to be stopped because victims in this system experience physicalRead MoreDeviant Globalization Analysis1342 Words   |  6 Pagesformal economy to grow and also the deviant one. Balaam and Dillman point out examples from the history, such as colonization and piracy. Furthermore, human trafficking is one example of the illicit international economy. The Economist (2017) story â€Å"Fear on the border† talks about two Vietnamese young women who were drugged and sold to Chinese men for marriage. According to Vietnamese officials, between 100 and 150 trafficked women return home each year. Gilman, Goldhammer, and Weber assert thatRead MoreBackground Guide Of World Health Organization7133 Words   |  29 Pagesis the youth and enthusiasm of numerous youngsters, the persistence and insistence in the intention of realizing dreams, the organized thinking and the confronted competition. Just like life, MUN has both dissatisfactions and surprises. Myriads of people have experienced development here and found their ultimate goals. Moreover, those who stand at the summit of a mountain at last are those perseverant, diligent and authentic MUNers. Some have asked me where the meaning of CMUNS lies. I think it liesRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesperiod from the 1870s is included in a long twentieth century (and perhaps even if it is not), migration served as a mode of escape from oppression and poverty and, in many instances, as an avenue toward advancement for an unprecedented number of people that soared well into the hundreds of millions by century’s end. But for a clear majority of these migrants, movement was coerced by flight from war and oppression or was enticed by labor recruiters who preyed on the desperately poor. The prospects

Prescription Pills And Cold Medication - 2626 Words

One of the multiple dangers of giving a child over the counter cough and cold medication is mixing two or more different medications. â€Å"There were additional 26 cases of ADR’s to OTC medications that involved more than one product and were excluded from consideration† (Vassilev 316). Due to the fact that there was not only a dozen but more than two dozen people that overdosed their children on over the counter medication because they gave them more than one medication that lead to an overdose is to many Cough and cold medication is any medication that includes more than one antihistamine, decongestant, expectorant, or antitussive taken by mouth. The common ingredients in cough medications are diphenhydramine, doxylamine, phenylephrine, and pseudoephedrine which is linked to the most deaths. The side effects for the types of medications are cardiac arrhythmias for decongestants, hallucinations for antihistamines, and an altered level of consciousness for antitussives . Around 7000 children are treated for secondary side effects each year in emergency departments due to cough medications. The three biggest reasons that people overdose on these medications is because they receive the medicine to often, they are receiving to big of a dose, or they are receiving multiple cough medications containing the same ingredient (Lazarus 534). With all the information about cough and cold medication that they have out there and the warnings on the medication bottle labels, it does not seemShow MoreRelatedLittle Match Girl Re Write998 Words   |  4 Pagesnormally came by around lunch time, after his morning surgery. and it was still only mid-morning. The pains were particularly bad today and she had none of the pills left. However not to worry as the doctor would call in a prescription for her and the pharmacy will deliver a little later. Even so she could do with taking some of these pills now and getting the persistent aching to go away and get a little relief. 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Orlistat Orlistat, available over the counter under the name Alli, is an effective diet pill that helps block a percentage of the fat that you consume. The prescription version, Xenical, contains 120 grams of Orlistat as opposed to 60 grams contained in Alli. The pill needs toRead MoreMedicine Should Not Be Banned1709 Words   |  7 Pageselse fails, but in today’s world, people use it as a quick fix for every little thing they have. We rely on prescription and over the counter medication way too much for illnesses that are not severe and it is doing more harm than good. To begin with, the United States uses more medication than any other country. A 2010 survey, â€Å"revealed that between 1999 and 2009, the number of prescriptions dispensed in the US increased by 39%, from 2.8 billion to 3.9 billion† (Whiteman). It is apparent that itRead MorePrescription Drugs Are Making Parents More Overwhelmed Than Ever Before1456 Words   |  6 PagesPrescription drugs are making parents more overwhelmed than ever before about their teenaged child! Why must they worry so much about their teenaged child? â€Å"When you can stop you don’t want to, and when you want to stop, you can’t†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Davies). This quote signifies that adolescents and adults have the option to quit or not try the drug when being introduced, but when they get started on the drug and they are thinking abouting quitting, they cannot because of the addiction they have on the drug. EachRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse Is A Serious Problem1547 Words   |  7 Page sLandgrebe Advanced Composition/4 21 December 2014 Research Paper Prescription drug abuse is a serious problem in today’s society. Prescription drug abuse is taking medicine prescribed for someone else, for another purpose, a larger dose than prescribed, in a different way than one is specifically prescribed. (â€Å"Prescription Medline† par. 1). This includes using a prescription to get high by crushing, snorting, or injecting them (â€Å"Prescription Medline† par. 4 and 5). By using these methods to put them intoRead MoreEssay on Smoking Cessation Methods1225 Words   |  5 Pagessmokers2. Right after a person starts to quit smoking, along with symptoms that accompany nicotine withdrawal, he/she may experience a number of short-term effects such as weight gain, irritability and anxiety.2,3,5 Ways to quit smoking include â€Å"cold turkey†, step-by-step manuals, counseling or medical products may help replace or reduce nicotine addiction.3 Advertisers, including drug companies, routinely market a number of stop-smoking products, scientifically â€Å"proven† to help a personRead MoreThe Counseling Requirements Of The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act Of 19901061 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 1: Patient Counseling 1. Describe the counseling requirements of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA 90). The pharmacist must offer to discuss the unique drug therapy regimen of each Medicaid recipient when filling prescriptions for them. Each patient must be made an offer to be counseled by the pharmacist. The items to be addressed include, the name of the drug, intended use of expected action, common side effects and their avoidance, techniques for self-monitoring,Read MoreMedicine And Control Of Drugs886 Words   |  4 Pagestwelve die per day due to high doses of prescription painkillers. The method for controlling these substances varies from extreme control to very lenient, allowing them to be misused, stolen, and in a rare case prescribed unnecessarily. Usually, the system in place can protect people with good sensibilities, by making the prescriptions require a refill as given by their doctor. However this does not stop all possibilities, and can be a problem if the medications are stolen or lost, causing the patientRead MoreExploring the Various Methods of Birth Control Essays 1618 Words   |  7 Pagescan be used include emergency contraceptives, pills, rings, patches, and shots. Emergency contraceptives (ECPs), or plan B, are â€Å"hormones in the pill that act as an anabortifacient by thinning the lining of the uterus and preventing the newly-conceived child from implanting† (Warber 15). ECPs delay ovulation, therefore preventing any chance of pregnancy. In one study, two out of 100 women had an unplanned pregnancy although they took the pill at the correct time. ECPs are not effective if

Aviation management Free Essays

string(226) " intrigues and myriad arguments still mire the London airport expansion pursuit half a century later with the current Howard Davies Airports Commission set up in 2012 still wading in the long running controversy \(FT, 2014\)\." How did Stansted get the go ahead to become London’s 3rd airport? Pursuits for expansion of London airport capacity have been long drawn involving various Airport Commissions and political intrigues (FT, 2014). The quest for the Third London Airport particularly with regard to competing proposals for a new airport at Cublington and the expansion of Stansted is the subject of this section, which also discusses the key players who took part in the process.. We will write a custom essay sample on Aviation management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Capacity constraints at Heathrow, particularly with the rapid growth in air traffic in the 1950s, led to overflows into Gatwick, UK’s second airport. Neither of these two locations are however ideal given the growth of the city. Built-up areas are not conducive for air safety and there is the additional challenge of noise pollution impacting residents (Helsey and Codd, 2012). It became apparent in the 1960s that there was need to meet considerable growth anticipated into the future. This gave rise to proposals for a new airport and expansion of existing capacity. Stansted, a former military airfield in Essex, was proposed as a third airport in 1963 and was thereafter endorsed by a Government White Paper in 1967 (HC Hansard, 1971; Stansted Airport, 2013). A subsequent inconclusive public inquiry led to the setup of the Commission for the Third London Airport, popularly referred to as the Roskill Commission tasked with review of sites for a third airport (Abelson and Flowerdew, 1972; UKCAA, 2013). With its evaluation of the timing of need, the requirement for expansion of capacity, and after a careful study of a total of 80 proposed project sites, four sites were finally chosen, principal among them a new airport at Cublington in the Vale of Aylesbury. It was deemed to offer best access situated in the key London-Birmingham axis away from built-up areas and would cost less than most of the alternatives (Abelson and Flowerdew, 1972). This proposal however met with strong opposition from local people, politicians and middle-class voters making it politically untenable (FT, 2014). An influential member of the Roskill Commission, Colin Buchanan, in dissent on grounds of environmental and planning concerns, proposed a new alternative at Maplin Sands, Foulness in the Thames Estuary. This opened the door to strong political opposition against Cublington with the latter proposal becoming the preferred option of the Conservative government of the day which thus disregarded Roskill’s proposal (FT, 2014; Helsey and Codd, 2012; Mishan, 1970). Maplin had interestingly been considered by the Roskill Commission and had been decisively rejected on the basis of cost (the most expensive option overall), distance and convenience to prospective passengers (the most remote) (FT, 2014; Mayor of London, 2013). With all the political support and progress towards the Maplin proposal, it was not built (FT, 2014; Helsey and Codd, 2012). The cost of the constituent deep-harbour, rail links, motorways, new towns to accommodate workers, and surface route to the airport was an astronomical ?825 million (estimated at ?8,448 million today) (Helsey and Codd, 2012). To many, including the opposition party then – the Labour Party, this was regarded as unacceptable (FT, 2014). With the coming to power of the Labour Party a change in complexion, the Maplin airport project was abandoned in July 1974 (FT, 2014). A reappraisal of passenger projections in the new regime indicated â€Å"over-optimism† in forecasts showing that there was adequate capacity until 1990 at Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton, aided by regional airports (AOA, 2013; UKCAA, 2013). However, with increasing competition from abroad and passenger numbers once more rising, the need for expansion became apparent. British Airports Authority (BAA), owner of the Stansted Airport, submitted plans for its expansion and with significant lobbying by its Chairman Norman Payne and the enlisting of support from Margaret Thatcher, the Maplin scheme was abandoned in favour of a cheaper plan to enlarge Stansted (Mayor of London, 2013). This option had also been considered by Roskill and had not made the shortlist of key options (FT, 2014). The expansion of Stansted was accomplished a decade after its proposition but was a predictable failure challenged by a lack of success in attracting and supporting long-haul operations by airlines (World Airline Directory, 2001; UKCAA, 2013). It was however to benefit from the emergence of low-cost carriers, principally Ryanair, which were drawn by attractive landing charges which offset consequent inconvenience to their passengers (UKCAA, 2013; Mayor of London, 2013; BBC, 2011). Airport policy in the UK has been a case study of political short-termism with the location of an additional (3rd) airport for London in a dilemma. Heightened by uncertainy over demand and growth estimates and a general lack of bold political action, decisions are challenged by political considerations making inland airports unfeasible and economic considerations making coastal airports unfeasible. This has led to the postponement of requisite action with policy makers often prone to swaying given the intense and incessant lobbying and political pressures. References Abelson, P. and A., Flowerdew, 1972. Roskill’s successful recommendation.† In: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Vol. 135. No. 4, pp.467 Airports Operators Association, 2013. The Airport Operator, Autumn 2013. BBC, 2011. Heathrow and Stansted runway plans scrapped by BAA, 24 May 2010. Viewed on 30/1/2014 from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk Financial Times, 2014. London’s new airport held to ransom by folly. December, 2013 House of Commons Hansard, 1971. Third London Airport (Roskill Commission Report). 4th March. Vol. 812. cc1912-2078. HC Helsey, M., and F., Codd, 2012. Aviation: proposals for an airport in the Thames estuary, 1945-2012. House of Commons Library. Viewed from: http://cambridgemba.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/sn4920-1946-2012-review.pdf Mayor of London, 2013. Why London needs a new hub airport. Transport for London. Viewed from: http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/26576.aspx Mishan, E., 1970. What is wrong with RoskillLondon: London School of Economics Stansted Airport, 2013. Press Release. Viewed on 1st Feb 2014 from: http://www.stanstedairport.com UKCAA, 2013. UK Airport Statistics – Aviation Intelligence. United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority. World Airline Directory, 2001. Flight International. Stansted Airport, Stansted, Essex, 27 March – 2 April 2001. CM241SB, UK Given the urgent need to find a solution to UK airport capacity why do you think the government wishes to delay the process? Political intrigues and myriad arguments still mire the London airport expansion pursuit half a century later with the current Howard Davies Airports Commission set up in 2012 still wading in the long running controversy (FT, 2014). You read "Aviation management" in category "Essay examples" Continued political posturing, hedging and stonewalling still characterizes this pursuit for a viable solution given the readiness to oppose policies espoused by those of different complexions and political stand and complication of issues hindering bold decisions and action (FT, 2014; CAPA, 2013). With reference to previous government airport policies, this section evaluates the desire of government to postpone a decision on the final solution to meet need until after the 2015 general election. In the Davies Commission’s view, the capacity challenge is yet to become critical and there is need for action as there is potential for it to be (The Independent, 2014; Airports Committee, 2013a). These findings contained in its December 2013 interim report (preceding a final report expected in 2015) are based on the acknowledgement of continued growth of air travel, mainly in the South East of England with the need for an extra runway by 2030 and another possibly by 2050. For the short and medium term, the Commission has made a raft of proposals to enhance efficiency of airline and ground operations (Airports Commission, 2013b). Ideally, the latter proposal is arguably most appropriate given that operational and design improvements have hitherto enabled the handling of more volumes than anticipated, extending current capacity and enabling full and efficient use of available resource (UKCAA, 2013; The Independent, 2014). On the Commission’s shortlist of options for the short and medium term include a third runwayand lengthening of an existing runway at Heathrow, and a new runway at Gatwick. The proposal for a brand new airport in the Thames Estuary is side-lined citing uncertainties and challenges surrounding it with the Commission however promising to evaluate its feasibility and to arrive at a decision regarding its viability later in 2014 as well as longer term expansion options at Stansted and Birmingham (CAPA, 2013; Airport International, 2012). The government however says that it will not make a final decision in this regard until after the 2015 general election pushing the responsibility to the next government (CAPA, 2013; FT, 2014). When the Coalition government came to power in 2010, it scrapped former Labour government’s plan for a third runway at Heathrow to which it had been strongly opposed instead favouring the creation of a new hub airport in the Thames Estuary (Helsey and Codd, 2012). Given renewed focus on Heathrow, there seems to be a deliberate decision by government to avoid offending the electorate in its turnaround from its manifesto commitment, as well as to avoid political turbulence in the run up to the forthcoming elections (FT, 2014; CAPA, 2013). It is widely accepted that Prime Minister David Cameron set up the Davies Commission in a bid to postpone or to defuse controversy, maintaining a dishonest ambiguity until after the general election (FT, 2014). Heathrow is a popular preference given the support it receives from the majority of politicians (except those with constituencies on the flight path); business and powerful representative lobby bodies; airlines; air alliances; remote UK regional airports benefiting from international connections; as well as domestic and international aviation representative bodies (CAPA, 2013; FT, 2014). Critics state that the inclusion of other airports is intended at making the proposals not to seem too Heathrow-centric and is aimed at political expediency (FT, 2014, CAPA, 2013). It would have been political dynamite for the Commission not to have made positive clamours with regard to runway capacity warding off accusations of ministers trying to kick the controversy ‘into the long grass’, a scenario which has bedevilled such pursuits for half a century (CAPA, 2013; The Independent, 2014). From the 1967 Government White Paper permitting the expansion of Stansted, through subsequent inquiries and the Roskill Commission in the early 1970s, the quest for expanded capacity continues with arguments going back and forth around similar proposals and sites (FT, 2014; UKCAA, 2013). Expansion at Heathrow is an easy road given that it is relatively cheaper and has less challenges but for the environmental concerns of noise pollution and carbon emissions which cannot be ignored or wished away (Airports Committee, 2013a). The option for expansion at Stansted is impeded by previous capacity limitation by the 1985 White Paper, though it got reprieve in the 2003 ‘Future of Air Transport’ White Paper and an extension of passenger capacity limit by the courts (DOT, 2003). Yet, Stansted has historically been challenged with regard to its support of long-haul flights; preference by airlines; as well as environmental concerns (World Airline Directory, 2001; UKCAA, 2013). The T hames Estuary option despite being the most environmentally sound is challenged by economic considerations regarding not only the cost of building the airport but also the requisite surface links, and costs associated with imminent closure at Heathrow. There is also difficulty in the estimation of effects it will have on demand and airline operations (The Independent, 2014; Airports Commission, 2013b; Airport International, 2012). This scenario highlights the present dilemma facing political players and government, which is what leads to their general uncertainty and a general lack of boldness in approach. Intense lobbying and political pressure has consequently led to the postponement of decisions and the backtracking by government from its pledge. The divide in opinion and arguments causing uncertainty hands politicians a license to continue to do nothing at all. References Airports Committee, 2013a. Emerging thinking: Aviation Capacity in the UK. 7th October. Viewed from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/aviation-capacity-in-the-uk-emerging-thinking Airports Commission, 2013b. Short and medium term options: proposals for making the best use of existing airport capacity. 7th August. Viewed from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/short-and-medium-term-options-proposals-for-making-the-best-use-of-existing-airport-capacity Airport International, 2012. Thames Estuary Airport Is Not A â€Å"Short Term† Solution. 4 July 2012. CAPA, 2013. The Davies Commission’s Interim Report on UK airports: the big loser remains UK competitiveness. Centre for Aviation. Department of Transport, 2003. The Future of Air Transport – White Paper and the Civil Aviation Bill. Viewed on 14/1/2014 from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers Financial Times, 2014. London’s new airport held to ransom by folly. December, 2013 Helsey and Codd, 2012. Aviation: proposals for an airport in the Thames estuary, 1945-2012 The Independent, 2014. Sir Howard Davies’ Airports Commission: Air travel could be transformed within a few years – with no more ‘stacking’. 17th December, 2013 UKCAA, 2013. UK Airport Statistics – Aviation Intelligence. United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority. How to cite Aviation management, Essay examples

Red Bull Company Marketing Strategy

Executive Summary This paper identifies Red Bull as a unique company that has demonstrated the ability to achieve success through innovative and unconventional ways. Its unique marketing strategy stands out as the hallmark of the company’s innovation. Through its market innovation, Red Bull has been able to maintain a dominant market position in the global energy drink market.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Red Bull Company Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Its expansion into Asia has however been incomplete because of the company’s minimal market presence in the region. This paper proposes a cautious market expansion into Japan through a joint venture with Oronamin-C. This plan (coupled with the company’s innovative market strategy) should provide an optimum market mix that sets Red Bull in a position to achieve significant success in Japan. Consequently, Red Bull should s ucceed in Japan. Introduction Red Bull has made a huge name in the world for its innovation. The product was initially an Asian product but an Austrian entrepreneur tailored it to suit the taste of the western market. Red bull’s development therefore emanated from a copyright transfer (from Thailand) that saw it transition into a carbonated drink with a strong western appeal. Many factors make Red Bull a popular energy drink; however, its market innovation sparks the interest of this paper. For example, Red Bull has shown strong market resilience in the wake of intense criticism (IBS Centre of Management Research 2). Indeed, Red bull has been able to transition from an unstable drink to a popular energy drink with global recognition. During the onset of the product launch (in Europe), there was a lot of opposition from health departments regarding the possible health effects of the drink. Consequently, the product received a poor reception in major European markets including France, Denmark, and Norway. In fact, in France, Red Bull (in its â€Å"natural† form) only gained acceptance in 2008 (IBS Centre of Management Research 2). Red Bull’s innovative attribute stems from its unconventional marketing strategy, which hinges on buzz marketing. At its launch, Red Bull had adopted conventional marketing strategies but its failure prompted a change of tact.The failure of the first marketing strategy dented the company’s financial well-being by $12 million (IBS Centre of Management Research 2).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, with the refocus on its unique marketing strategy, Red Bull became the envy of many beverage companies. Red Bull’s reliance on an unconventional marketing strategy defines this study’s interest because its sports-centred market strategy is innovative. Interestingly, the established cost of this innovation is lower than the conventional marketing costs adopted by other beverage companies. The main operational challenges for Red Bull stem from the lack of a patent for the company’s product formula. Consequently, many companies have used Red Bull’s secret ingredients to make rival products. In addition, Red Bull has received negative press for the potential medical risks its product poses (these risks are however in contention). Red Bull’s innovative market strategy bases its principles on the sale of a â€Å"lifestyle,† which is hinged on brand awareness. The company’s market slogan is â€Å"Red Bull gives you wings to fly.† Red Bull’s target market is a vibrant youth between 18-35 years. Unlike other beverage companies that rely on traditional media to sell their products, Red Bull relies on sponsoring sporting events and providing free products to athletes (the company has underwritten several sports competitions and sponsored dozens more). Furthermore, the company has concentrated its â€Å"place strategy† to avail its products mainly in nightclubs and entertainment spots. Red Bull’s innovative marketing strategy has seen it rake more than $4.2 billion in annual sales (IBS Centre of Management Research 3). The future social and commercial impact of Red Bull’s innovative marketing strategy is therefore positive because this strategy creates brand loyalty and improves sales revenues. The three main reasons for the success of Red Bull’s market strategy is its representation of a subculture, concentration in a niche market (as opposed to a mass market) and the perceived social benefits of consuming the drink (support for sports) (IBS Centre of Management Research 2). This paper explores the international business opportunity for selling Red Bull to the Japanese market (using the company’s innovative marketing strategy). The paper centres on three analyses  œ an analysis of the international business opportunity, an analysis of the proposed business opportunity, and an analysis of the financial projections.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Red Bull Company Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Analysis of the International Business Opportunity Red Bull has received wide acclaim for its product launches (in some Asian markets like China and the Philippines) (IBS Centre of Management Research 1). However, there is still a lot of pessimism regarding the company’s success in Japan. Some observers fear that Japan has different market dynamics that may hinder the success of the product in this market (Euromonitor International 1). The truth in this fear is unconfirmed but the understanding of Japan’s unique market dynamics mirrors the economic, political, and legal environments that affect its market operations. Japan’s Economic, Politic al, and Legal Analysis Economic Japan’s economic environment is appropriate for the launch of Red Bull. Indeed, the country’s economic system bases its foundations around free-market principles that support international trade (Karan 353). Currently, Japan’s per capita income is $45,903 (above most of its Asian rivals and very close to America’s $48,442) (World Bank 2). This high per capita income means that Japanese consumers have the market power to buy premium products (in fact, the IBS Centre of Management Research (2) explains that Japan has a per capita consumption of 1.7 litres). However, Japan’s level of foreign investment falls below many industrialised nations. Compared to the US, UK, Germany, Australia and France; Japan has the lowest rate of foreign direct investments (Jetro 10). This low level of foreign investments has a mixed impact on the launch of Red Bull in the country because it signifies minimal competition (at least from forei gn competitors), but at the same time, it signifies a poor environment for foreign businesses to thrive). Political Japan enjoys political stability from its constitutional monarchy system. The political system is therefore undemocratic but it recognises the importance of embracing free-market leadership. This way, there is little political interference with the market operations. Though not ideal, Japan’s political environment poses minimal threat to Red Bull’s launch in the country. Indeed, there is an adequate political will to support the launch of new and foreign products in the Japanese market (Jain 5).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Legal Japan’s legal environment has made its economy to be among the most liberalised, industrialised and efficient economies in the world. However, Meiners (370) warns entrepreneurs against starting small businesses in Japan because government policies do not favour such businesses. This situation is uniquely different from the US because small businesses in the US receive government support. Asia Law (2) reports that Japan’s tax regimes may be as high as 65%. Small businesses are therefore discouraged from venturing into this market. However, since Red Bull is a global enterprise, this legal challenge does not severely affect its operations (IBS Centre of Management Research 2). Finally, like Japan’s governance structure, its labour laws borrow from the European model. Asia Law (2) says that Japan’s labour laws are somewhat paternalistic. This situation gives employers less flexibility. However, the Japanese labour force bends to the intrigues of the gl obal labour force (for example, lifetime tenure is making way for new job flexibilities) (Asia Law 2). Broadly, these changes are good for foreign investors because they increase the opportunities to source competent employees. Trade Area and Cultural Analysis Geographically, Japan comprises of four islands. However, the country’s state-of-the-art infrastructure facilitates the transportation of goods from one part of the country to another. Apart from logistical challenges, Japan’s geography does not significantly affect Red Bull’s intended venture. Since Red Bull targets young people as its main demographic group, Japan offers a good market for the product because recent population estimates show that the largest population is aged 15-64 years (Karan 34). Moreover, in a country that has more than 120 million people, a youth budge of more than 60% provides a good market for any company that targets young people (Karan 34). A possible challenge created by Japanà ¢â‚¬â„¢s demography lies in language barrier. With a majority population speaking Japanese, it is difficult to market a product that originates from a non-Japanese background. Nonetheless, providing a tailor-made product to suit the typical Japanese consumer solves this problem. Apart from Japan’s sporting culture, no significant customs or traditions affect the sale of Red Bull. Martial art is the most common sport (the Japanese also practice other western sports such as baseball and football). Motor sport also has a significant following in Japan because there are many Motorsports events that have received corporate sponsorship within the country. Drifting is also another type of sport that has quickly gained prominence in the Asian country and it offers an opportunity for more corporate sponsorship (IBS Centre of Management Research 2). Considering Japan’s demography and social customs, the main strengths and weaknesses of launching Red Bull in this market is the pr esence of a sporting culture and the challenges posed by marketing the product in a predominantly Japanese-speaking country. The sporting culture provides good grounds for Red Bull to market itself as a corporate sponsor (because it has achieved good success with this strategy in other parts of the world). Therefore, complemented by its global dominance, Red Bull is set to have a competitive advantage over other rival products in the sporting industry. However, since Red Bull’s appeals to a western market, it may experience a market penetration challenge in the Japanese culture. This way, Red Bull’s competitive advantage may be lost to other â€Å"Asian-oriented† energy drinks such as Otsuka’s Oronamin-C brand (a common energy drink in Japan). Operation of the Proposed Business Organisation Type and Ownership Red Bull’s market entry strategies in major world markets are inconsistent. Unlike other international brands like Heineken, Red Bull adopts a multifaceted market entry strategy. Japan offers very competitive market dynamics, which may prove to be problematic for Red Bull. Indeed, many market observers have expressed their pessimism regarding Red Bull’s success in this market (Euromonitor International 1). The market domination of Oronamin-C brand and Coca Cola inform this pessimism. Both products control more than 70% of the market share (Euromonitor International 1). It is therefore difficult for Red Bull to challenge this market dominance because it lacks the same resources as its competitors (like Coca Cola). Based on these dynamics, it is crucial for Red Bull to adopt a non-aggressive approach and seek a joint venture with another local company (preferably, Oronamin-C) (Euromonitor International 1). Many advantages are associated with pursuing joint ventures. One advantage that Red Bull will enjoy is risk sharing and the availability of local market knowledge (Trost 18). Another advantage that may be realised when pursuing a joint venture strategy is the joint financial strength that the companies will enjoy. This advantage will boost the company’s resources to expand to all parts of the country. However, some of the main disadvantages associated with the joint venture strategy are the loss of management control, the possibility of failing to recover capital, slow decision-making, high chances of disagreement between partners, and the possibility of both partners having different views regarding their business (Trost 18). Based on these dynamics, Red Bull will only enjoy a 50% ownership of its market venture. Product Red Bull’s venture in Japan centres on selling Red Bull as an energy product. Compared to other energy products in the Japanese market, Red Bull’s perception as a sports drink is its unique feature throughout the world. The value created by the product will be a â€Å"lifestyle appeal† to all its consumers. The product’s price will largely be in tandem with international pricing (about $2). Potential Suppliers: Since this paper proposes a joint venture strategy for Red Bull, the potential suppliers for the product will be the existing supplier for the joint partner. Ideally, since the Oronamin-C brand already has a dominant market presence in Japan, Red Bull should use its supply channel to distribute its products throughout the country. Inventory Policy: The influence of the partnership also shows in the formulation of the company’s inventory policy. However, since there are many uncertainties regarding Red Bull’s success in the Japanese market, the demand flow policy should be the main inventory policy. This policy does not articulate a definite inventory control; instead, every order generates a subsequent supply of the same quantity ordered (therefore, the realisation of supply inefficiencies disappears) (Gilliam 51). Nonetheless, the establishment of a minimum inventory level is crucial to ensure t here are no significant inconsistencies in the demand or supply schedules. Manufacturing Plans: Red Bull’s manufacturing strategy centres on the construction of new plants. This strategy is costly but it depends on the success of the joint venture. Indeed, if there is excess capacity to produce the product from the joint venture partner, Red Bull should pursue this strategy and avoid the risks of injecting a huge capital for building another plant. Transportation Again, Red Bull’s transportation strategy centres on the success of the joint venture. There is therefore no need to set up a new transport system because the local partner will provide one. This way, the company will significantly reduce the costs of operations and benefit from accessing new markets (serviced by the existing transportation network). The risk associated with this transport strategy is the possibility of the partner treating Red Bull as a secondary product. However, if the transport network is expanding and enough equipment is available to service both companies, there are not going to be any problems. Since the importation of some product ingredients is necessary for Red Bull’s operations, the company will have to avail specific documents that are synonymous with international trade. One such document is the consular invoice, which determines the balance of payment between countries (Credit Management World 12). The document also establishes that the products imported to Japan meet the state’s import regulatory standards. An insurance policy certificate is also another important transport document needed for importation, but depending on the terms of trade between the company and Japan, the stipulations in this document varies. Finally, relevant certificates need to be availed for transportation. These certificates include the certificate of inspection, certificate of origin, and weight list certificate (Credit Management World 12). Market Strategy Pricing Policy The premium-pricing model outlines Red Bull’s best chance of effectively gaining a positive perception among Japanese consumers (Berends 44). This strategy has succeeded in other parts of the world (like Apple’s dominance of the US market). Therefore, compared to the competition, Red Bull’s price will be slightly more expensive. This pricing model exploits the consumers’ perception that expensive products are of higher quality, safer and more desirable. This premium-pricing model is also in tandem with Red Bull’s aim of selling a â€Å"lifestyle† that most young people would admire. The currency used in the pricing model will be the Japanese Yen because this currency is Japan’s national currency. Different cost measures add to Red Bull’s pricing model, including the transport costs, tax, tariffs, and the overall cost of producing the product. The minimisation of transport costs occurs through the joint transport agreemen t discussed earlier in this paper. However, the overall cost of producing the product relies on the tax and tariffs imposed on the product. The imposition of a profit margin of 25% will also occur. Promotional Program The Red Bull promotional program will remain true to its international model of sponsoring sports events. Sponsoring Japanese athletes will also form a critical part of the company’s promotional plan. This way, the product will maintain its advantage over other energy drinks in the country. Therefore, advertisements through conventional media – like television, newspapers, or radio will be minimal. This promotional plan not only outlines the company’s first year marketing strategy but the company’s long-term promotional strategy too. Finances Red Bull’s first few years of operation will be costly. In addition to the initial capital, additional investments and incremental capital will boost Red Bull’s penetration in the market. Most of these capital investments will improve the company’s production and distribution facilities. Growth expectations show that the company will break-even in five years. The income statement below describes the projected finances for the first three years of operation. Pro forma Income Statement for First Three Years Operation 2013 2014 2015 Sales $26,729,620 $29,239,060 $32,124,920 Cost of Goods Sold $16,357,250 $17,310,840 $18,407,470 Operating income $10,372,370 $11,928,220 $13,717,450 Expenses Administrative $3,345,920 $3,847,810 $4,424,960 Marketing $4,182,400 $4,809,760 $5,531,230 Total Expenses $7,528,330 $8,857,580 $9,956,210 Earnings before interest and taxes $2,844,030 $3,270,640 $3,761,230 Taxes $1,023,850 $1,177,430 $1,354,040 Net Income $1,820,180 $2,093,210 $2,407,190 The pro forma statement below outlines the projected cash flow Pro forma Cash flow Statement 2013 2014 2015 Opening Balance $15,000,000 $18,000,000 $22,000,0 00 Cash received Cash Sales $24,729,620 $28,239,060 $31,124,920 Credit Sales $2,000,000 $1,000,000 $1,000,000 Interest $750,000 $350,000 $350,000 Sundries $100,000 $100,000 $100,000 Total Cash received $27,579,620 $29,689,060 $32,574,920 Cash purchases Stock Purchases $6,357,250 $7,310,840 $8,407,470 Trade Creditors $500,000 $800,000 $900,000 Other Creditors $400,000 $450,000 $475,000 Operating Costs $7,528,330 $8,857,580 $9,956,210 Capital $2,000,000 $3,000,000 $5,000,000 Other 0 0 0 Total Cash payments $16,785,580 $20,418,420 $24,738,680 Cash Increase/Decrease $10,794,040 $9,270,640 $7,836,240 Closing balance $25,794,040 $27,270,640 $29,836,240 Pro forma Balance Sheet 2013 2014 2015 Asset Cash $9,040,367 $13,680,908 $32,699,802 Total Short-term Asset $9,040,367 $13,680,908 $32,699,802 Long-term Assets Capital Assets $1,200,000 $3,200,000 $4,200,000 Accumulated Depreciation $800,000 $1,440,000 $2,280,000 Total long-te rm Assets Total Assets $10,440,367 $15,440,908 $34,619,802 Liabilities and Capital – – – Short-term Notes – – – Long-term liabilities – – – Total Liabilities – – – Earnings $4,559,633 $440,908 $19,619,802 Shareholder’s Equity $10,000,000 $10,000,000 $10,000,000 Total Equity $5,440,367 $10,440,908 $29,619,802 Total liabilities and Equity $5,440,367 $10,440,908 $29,619,802 Sources and Uses of Funds Statement The sources of funds for the international venture will come from the company – Red Bull. However, since a joint venture strategy is in the offing, funds pooling will occur. The availability of a larger capital pool is therefore possible for both companies. These funds will expand the production capacity and the existing transportation network for both companies. Other auxiliary activities that complement the company’s fund use include marketing and admi nistrative activities. Country Statistic Based on the volume of international trade that Japan enjoys, international business complements 3% of the country’s gross domestic product (Jetro 10). The joint venture between Red Bull and Oronamin-C adds to this international trade balance. Partner Information There is minimal information regarding Oronamin-C’s financial information. However, in the April-June quarter of 2011, the company reported net sales of $3,682,320. Its operating income for the same quarter was $591,982 (Jetro 10). These figures show that the company is making a lot of profit from its Japanese venture. Red Bull hopes to merge its financial resources to join this positive financial outlook. Relevant Laws Over the past years, Japan’s laws have tried to reduce legal obstacles to international trade. However, the country’s state laws still govern sensitive businesses. For example, Red Bull’s venture into Japan will be subject to anti-mo nopoly and competition laws. These laws will govern Red Bull’s intended joint venture with Oronamin-C. In addition, since Red Bull is an energy drink, the launch of the product in Japan will also be subject to health laws. These laws ensure that the drink complies with Japan’s health safety standards. Comprehensively, Red Bull’s venture into Japan is mainly subject competition and health laws. Conclusion Red Bull has managed to remain relevant through the international market because of its robust marketing strategy. Its expansion into Asia has been largely successful because of its successes in China and the Philippines. This paper’s proposal for the company to venture in Japan is largely cautious because Japan’s energy drink market is highly concentrated. However, since this paper proposes a joint venture plan, most of the risks associated with operating in a concentrated market diminish. Consequently, Red Bull will achieve significant success in this market. Works Cited Asia Law 2005, Doing Business in Japan. Web. Berends, William. Price and Profit: The Essential Guide to Product and Service  Pricing and Profit Forecasting, New York: William R. Berends, 2004. Print. Credit Management World 2012, Export Documents. Web. Euromonitor International 2011, Red Bull plans Asian expansion. Web. Gilliam, Dean. Quantum Leap: The Next Generation, New York: Ross Publishing, 2005. Print. IBS Centre of Management Research 2012, Red Bull’s Innovative Marketing:  Transforming a Humdrum Product into a Happening Brand. Web. Jain, Purnendra. Japan’s Subnational Governments in International Affairs, London: Routledge, 2005. Print. Jetro 2012, Promoting foreign direct investment (FDI) into Japan. Web. Karan, Pradyumna. Japan in the 21st Century: Environment, Economy, and Society, Kenturcky: University Press of Kentucky, 2010. Print. Meiners, Roger. The Legal Environment of Business, London: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Trost , Thilo. Joint Ventures: The benefits and perils – why some are successful and  others fail, New York: GRIN Verlag, 2011. Print. World Bank 2012, GDP per capita (current US$). Web. This essay on Red Bull Company Marketing Strategy was written and submitted by user J0nah to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.