Nucor case Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nucor case - Term Paper Example With improving economies’ growth is expected to boost desire for many to purchase the product in the medium term. Steel producers and mini-mill companies are situated in the midst of a very competitive environment in both domestic and global scale, which adversely affects their profitability. This competition among steelmakers is to capture a significant portion of the steel market in light of the fact that, the global supply of steel far exceeds the demand for steel products (Thompson 207). The first competitive forces impacting steelmakers is the force to drive down the profitability of steel industry, steelmakers are primarily affected by the abundant steel supply versus demand, which depresses the market price of steel as a commodity. Competition among steelmakers is to lower product prices in order to capture a significant portion of potential customers. Secondly steel producers are adversely impacted by the entry of foreign players into the domestic steel market that are able to advantage of lower labor costs in the country. The influx of cheap imports from foreign steelmakers stiffens the existing price competition among rival steel producers hence lowering prices of steel imports; dragging down steel market prices. Lastly, steel producers are more vulnerable to the increasing cost of raw materials. This rising cost of materials has led to increase in the cost of production making it difficult for them to be price competitive. The difficult in product differentiation in the steel commodity market makes it necessary for min-mills to be able to compete with their rivals based on price, that is; pricing and market niche (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson 33). The driving forces in the steel industry; the technology evolution which is a change in the steel making technology has revolutionized the world’s steel industry. The use of COREX technology in the production of steel has increased profit and its environmental

Health and Safety Essay Example for Free

Health and Safety Essay The main persons responsible for health, safety and welfare on a construction site are: ? Employer – their role is to conduct their business safely. In order to accomplish this, a supervisor (site manager) generally runs the site. They must ensure the health, safety and welfare at work of all employees; they should provide a safe system of work, with safe plant and equipment. Provide safe handling storage transport along with information, supervision and training. There must be safe access and egress from the place of work along with a safe environment to work in. The employer also has a responsibility to produce a policy to this effect, and must consult with and co-operate n developing safety measures. ? CDM coordinator (formally planning supervisor) – They have the overall responsibility to coordinate the health, safety and welfare aspects of the design and planning phase. Prepare the early stages of the health, safety and welfare plan. Advise Clients of the competence and adequate resource of the principle contactor and ensure that a health, safety and welfare file for each structure is delivered to the client on completion. Ensure that structures are designed and specified to minimise any possible risks to health, safety and welfare during construction, and during maintenance. Adequate information is provided on possible risks. Co-operation with the CDM coordinator. ? Principle Contractors – These are responsible for taking account of health, safety and welfare issues when preparing their tenders or estimates. Exclude unauthorised persons from the site Co-operate with the planning supervisor Coordinate activities, of all contractors, to ensure that they comply with the health, safety and welfare plan and provide information and training of employees and the self-employed about health, safety and welfare. ? Sub-contractors / Self employed – are to co-operate with the Principal Contractor on health, safety and welfare matters and explain how they will control the health, safety and welfare risks in their work. ? Employees – have a duty to follow the health, safety and welfare procedures that have been put in place and to use their initiative. They must wear suitable footwear or any other protective clothing which has been provided in accordance to what they are doing. Ensure that their working environment is safe at all times for themselves, work colleges and visitors to the site. They must cooperate with the employer and must not interfere with anything provided for safety. b) Identify three main pieces of health, safety and welfare legislation relevant to the construction and built environment sector and describe the legal duties of employees and employers in terms of such legislation. The health and safety at Work Act 1974 was introduced due to the constantly expanding laws on health, safety and welfare in the UK and consolidated much of the previous legislation and good practices. It placed duties upon a number of parties including employers, the self employed and employees. Employers have a duty to ensure, as far as is reasonably possible, the health, safety and welfare of their employees. Employees have a responsibility to take reasonable care for their own health and safety and for others who may be affected by their acts of omissions. The enforcement of the Act is carried out by HSE Inspectors and by the local authority inspectors. The nature of the main activity of the business determines the enforcing authority. When considering on an action, an inspector uses discretion but will consider the following: †¢ The Risk involved †¢ The Gravity of the alleged offence †¢ The history of the business in respect of previous events and their compliance †¢ The Inspector’s confidence in the management of the firm †¢ The likely effectiveness of a particular action The decision to bring about a prosecution rests with the enforcing authority. In respect of construction projects the main requirements of this Act is that employers also have a duty and responsibility to others working on a construction site, and for the safety of the public and other third parties. Under the health and safety at work Act 1974 umbrella falls much legislation such as: The Work at Height Regulations 2005 (Amended by the Work at Height Regulations 2007) Falls are the largest cause of accidental death in the construction industry. They account for 50% of all fatalities. There is no distinction between low and high falls). For any working at height, precautions are required to prevent or minimise the risk of injury from a fall. To prevent or minimise risk when planning for work at height, the employer should consider the work to be done and take a sensible risk-based approach to identify suitable precautions. The regulations apply to all work at height where there is a risk of a fall liable to cause personal injury. They place duties on employers, the self-employed, and any person who controls the work of others (e. . facilities managers or building owners who may contract others to work at height) to the extent they control the work. If you are an employee or working under someone else’s control, you must †¢ Report any safety hazard to them †¢ Use the equipment supplied (including safety devices) properly, following any training and instructions (unless you think that would be unsafe, in which case you should seek further instructions before continuing) As an employer you must do all that is reasonably practicable to prevent anyone falling. The regulations set out a simple hierarchy for managing and selecting equipment for work at height. [pic] The Regulations require dutyholders to ensure: †¢ All work at height is properly planned and organised †¢ All work at height takes account of weather conditions that could endanger health and safety †¢ Those involved in work at height are trained and competent †¢ The place where work at height is done is safe Equipment for work at height is appropriately inspected †¢ The risks from fragile surfaces are properly controlled. Reporting accidents and ill health at work is a legal requirement. The information enables the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and local authorities, to identify where and how risks arise, and to investigate serious accidents. Records of reportable injuries or dangerous occurrences must be kept. They must include the date and method of reporting; the date and time and place of the event; personal details of those involved; and a brief description of the nature of the event or disease. The records can be kept by: †¢ Keeping copies of report forms in a file Recording the details on a computer Using the Accident Book entry †¢ Maintaining a written log A report must be made if there is an accident connected with work and: †¢ An employee, or self-employed person working on the employee’s premises is killed or suffers a major injury (including as a result of physical violence) †¢ A member of public is killed or taken to hospital †¢ An employer must notify the enforcing authority without delay and give brief details about the business, the injured person and the accident. †¢ The employer must follow up with a completed accident report form (F2508) within ten days. An employee or self-employed person must report to an employer or person whose premises they are working in, any injury for either themselves or a member of public immediately. It is not the employee’s or self-employed persons responsibility to report to HSE or to update the Accident Book unless it is the Self-employed person’s premises. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) Thousands of people are exposed to all kinds of hazardous substances at work. These can include chemicals that people make or work with directly, and also dust, fume and bacteria, which can be present in the workplace. Exposure can happen by breathing them in, contact with the skin, splashing them into the eyes or swallowing them. If exposure is not prevented or properly controlled, it can cause serious illness, including cancer, asthma and dermatitis, and sometimes even death.

Role of agriculture cooperative societies

Role of agriculture cooperative societies PRIMARY AGRICULTURE COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES An agricultural cooperative society, also known as a farmers co-op, is a cooperative where farmers pool their resources in certain areas of activity. A broad typology of agricultural cooperatives distinguishes between agricultural service cooperatives, which provide various services to their individually farming members, and agricultural production cooperatives, where production resources (land, machinery) are pooled and members farm jointly. Agricultural production cooperatives are relatively rare in the world, and known examples are limited to collective farms in former socialist countries and the kibbutzim in Israel. Worker cooperatives provide an example of production cooperatives outside agriculture. The default meaning of agricultural cooperative in English is usually an agricultural service cooperative, which is the numerically dominant form in the world. There are two primary types of agricultural service cooperatives, supply cooperative and marketing cooperative. Supply cooperatives supply their members with inputs for agricultural production, including seeds, fertilizers, fuel, and machinery services. Marketing cooperatives are established by farmers to undertake transformation, packaging, distribution, and marketing of farm products (both crop and livestock). Farmers also widely rely on credit cooperatives as a source of financing for both working capital and investments. Various development activities in agriculture, small industry marketingand inprocessing, distribution and supplies are now carried on through the co-operative societies. The co-operatives societies have madean all-round progress and their role in, and contribution to agricultural progress has particularly been significant. The schemes regarding the construction of godowns and the conversion of villages into model villages have assumed great importance in the wake of the Green Revolution. INTRODUCTION OF COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT The Co-operative Movement was introduced into India by the Government. It is the only method by which the farmers could overcome their burden of debt and keep them away from the clutches of the money-lenders. The Co-operative Credit Societies Act, 1904 was passed by the Governmentof India and rural credit societies were formed. Through the appointment of registrars and through vigorous propaganda, the Government attempted to popularize the Movement in the rural areas. Within a short period, the Government realized that there are some shortcomings of the 1904 Act and, therefore, passed a more comprehensive Act, known as theCo-operative Societies Act of 1912. This Act recognized non-credit societies also. But the rural credit societies have continued to be predominant till now. MAIN FEATURES: PRIMARY AGRICULTURAL CREDIT SOCIETIES Assessment of credit needs Disbursement of credit to members Recovery of credit Promote the economic interests of the members DISTRICT CENTRAL COOPERATIVE BANKS Serve as balancing centre in the district central financing agencies Organise credit to primaries Carry out banking business Sanction, monitor control implementation of policies STATE COOPERATIVE BANKS Serve as balancing centre in the state Organize provision of credit for credit worthy farmers Carry out banking business Leader of the cooperatives in the state NATIONAL FEDERATION OF STATE COOPERATIVE BANKS Provides a common forum to the member banks Promotes and protects the interests of the member banks Co-ordinates and liaison with government of India, RESERVE BANK OF INDIA , NATIONAL BANK AND OTHERS Provides research and consultancy inputs to the member banks Organizes conferences/seminars/workshops/meetings THE PRIMARY AGRICULTURAL CREDIT/SERVICE SOCIETIES The agricultural co-operative credit structure is broadly divided into two sectors, one dealing with the short-terms andmedium-terms finance and the other with the long-term credit. The short-term and medium-term credit structureis based on a three-tier system, i.e., the Apex Co-operative Bank at the State level, the Central Co-operative Bank at the district/tehsil level and the Primary Agricultural Credit Societies at the village level. The major objectives of the primary agricultural credit service societies are to supply agricultural credit to meet the requirements of funds for agricultural production, the distribution of essential consumer commodities, the provision of storage andmarketing facilitiesand for light agricultural implements and machinery. Owing to an increasing emphasis on the development of land and agriculture, long-term co-operative credit has assumed great importance. There is the Punjab State Land Mortgage Bank at the Apex and the Punjab Mortgage Bank at the district/tehsil level. These Primary Land Mortgage Banks advance loans to the farmers for long term purposes. At the operational level, there exists a primary co-operative to extend credit to the farmer. This unit epitomizes the vitality and service potential of the Co-operative Movement in India. The organization of these societies dates back to 1904, when the first Co-operative Societies Act was passed. These societies were started with the object of providing cheap credit to the agriculturists in order to free them from the clutches of the rapacious money-lenders. The agricultural primary credit society is the foundation-stone on which the whole co-operative edifice is built. Even now these societies dominate the co-operative picture. The first Agricultural Credit Society in the Firozpur District was registered on 4 October 1911, at the Village of Khalchi Kadim in the Firozpur Tehsil. Originally, the movement was confined to the credit societies only and, thus, credit dominated till the partition (1947). After the partition, the Co-operative Movement began to spread to other field, viz labour, construction and farming. AGRICULTURAL NON-CREDIT SOCIETIES While credit is and must remain for some time the chief concern of the Co-operative Movement relatively slow, since 1912, when the non-credit societies were brought officially under the aegis of the Movement. The World War II (1939-45) came as a God send boon with respect to the development of the Co-operative Movement. Prices of agricultural goods began to rise and touched new peaks. The repayment of loans was accelerated and depositsbegan to pour in. The number of societies also rose. Another interesting development in co-operativeduring the War was the extension of the Movement to non-credit activities, viz. Consumers co-operative marketing societies, consolidation societies, etc. Agricultural co-operative Marketing Societies: Marketing has occupied a far smaller place in the co-operative picture in India than in many countries, notably Denmark and the USA, but not other non-credit line of co-operation, with the possible exception of the consolidation of land holdings and joint farming enterprises,seems to holdgreater possibilities of help to the agricultural population of India. The development of co-operative marketing in India is closely bound up with the problem of credit-the claims of the money-lenders commonly inhibiting the cultivators freedom of action in disposing of his crop. The full utilization of loans advanced depends upon the arrangements for the marketing of surplus produce. For this purpose, there the Punjab State Marketing Federation at the State Level, wholesale societies at the district level and marketing societies at the market level. These societies also provide other agricultural facilities and make arrangements for the supply of domestic items in the rural areas. At the State level, the Punjab State co-operative Supply and Marketing Federation (MARKFED) is playing an important role in building up an integrated structure for remunerative marketing and storing of agricultural produce. it has played an important role in hastening the Green Revolution in the State by arranging ready supplies of essential farm inputs needed by the cultivators. Co-operative Farming Societies: The Royal Commission on Agriculture in 1928 observed that it co-operation failed, there would fail the hope of the Indian agriculturist. Co-operative farming is a compromise between collective farming and the peasant proprietorship and gives all merits of large-scale farming without abolishing private property. It implies an organization of the farmers on the basis of common efforts for common interests. Under this system, all landowners in a village form a co-operativesociety for tilling the land. The land is pooled, but each farmer retains the right of property. The produce is distributedby each. They are allowed to withdraw from the co-operative farm whenever they desire. In India, the exceedingly small size of holdings is perhaps the most serious defect in our agriculture. If agriculture has to be improved, the size of the holdings must be enlarged. TYPE OF SOCIETIES Co-operative Weavers society Co-operative Consumers Societies Co-operative Housing Societies Co-operative Womens Societies Co-operative Milk-Societies NAME OF THE SOCIETY ADAWAD Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (713/29-1-1914) AKULKHEDE Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (7769/7-6-1937) ANWARDE BK. Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (7873/16-3-1939) ANWARDE KD. Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (5291/30-6-1926) ADGAON Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (5497/26-6-1926) AKHATWADE Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (3652/18-10-1921) BIDGAON Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (9421/18-03-1946) BUDHGAON Primary Agriculture Co-operative Credit SOCIETY (5182/10-03-1926) CHALLENGES BEFORE CO-OPERATIVES The Indian Co-operative Movement has earned distinction of being the largest in the world. This is true in terms of membership and Co-operative network which spread over almost all the villages in the country and the number of Co-operative Societies. In our country: There are about 5.5 lakhs of cooperative Societies with membership of more than 22crores. It covers a wide range of commercial activities and nearly 50% of them are engaged in agriculture and agriculture related matters. Nearly 70% of the Indian population being dependant on agriculture, is thus, connected with agricultural Co-operatives. Co-operatives have covered 100% of villages and 67% of rural households. Co-operative sector contributes 50% of total agricultural credit and distributes 35% of total fertilizer consumption in the Country. They are procuring 60% of total sugar-cane. They are also playing crucial role in the agro-processing sector i.e. processing of sugar-cane, milk, cotton and oil seeds etc. Dairy Co-operatives have excelled in their area of operation and have enabled India to attain top position in milk production in the world. Edible oil marketed through Co-operative channel is estimated at 50% and handloom Co-operatives account for 55% of the total out-put. But in spite of being largest movement in the world and strongest link, it faces number of challenges like lack of internal resources and poor mobilization of external resources, inadequate infrastructure, competitive tier structure, apathy of members towards management, lack of accountability increasing sickness, dormancy, low level professionalism, excessive government control, political interference, dominance of vested interest over the management, lack of human resources development, education and training. Despite all challenges, Co-operatives have to be sustainable over a period of time for which professionalism is a must. Co-operatives have been looking for Governmental help. But they have been paying of it like official domination and interference in their day-to-day working etc. Dr. Kuriyan, an eminent co-operator in the country said recently that the Co-operatives have undergone a crisis of identity being neither government nor private. He further said that Co-operatives need to be more efficient and competitive, but at the same time they cannot sacrifice the basic tenets of co-operation. Inefficient Co-operatives will have to either pull up their socks or down their shutters. Co-operatives have many advantages in tackling problem poverty alleviation, employment generation and food security. They also have the potential to deliver goods and services in areas where both the State and Private sectors have failed. Over the past few years, steps like the enactment of mutually aided Co-operative Societies Act by some States and the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act have been taken to give the Co-operative sector a boost. But we are aware that the Co-operatives registered under the Mutual Aided Act have certain constraints and deficiencies, which may be Lack of supervision and inspection by Registrar of Co-operative Societies resulting into financial misuse and disproportion institutional development. Government is hesitating to entrust any important government work since it does not have any participation. These Co-operatives are away from the mainstream. The Co-operative Banks and other important institutions are not prepared to admit them as members. NABARD and RBI are not agreeing for conversion of Central and Urban Co-operative Banks. R.B.I. has also objection about the use of word Co-operative since Banking Regulation Act uses the word Co-operative Society. Perhaps we are not prepared or educated or sensitized enough to work without control and supervision. Mischievous persons may take advantage of the situation to cheat the general public. When the Government is exploring the possibility of regulating the Non-governmental organizations having vast experience, it is doubtful as to whether the mutually aided Co-operatives in various fields can give desired result. The circumstances and the situation give rise to the Co-operative Movement in the Country are still prevalent. The market is still not accessible to small and marginal farmers. Supply of agricultural credit is not adequate. About 50% of our rural and tribal household still has no facility for institutional credit. The Co-operatives are today at the cross road at their existence, particularly in view of the fast emerging economic liberalization and globalization. The Co-operatives still continued to function in a traditional way with poor governance and management, poor resource mobilization, outside interference, dependence on Government and lack of professionalization. The Co-operatives are neither member-driven nor functioned professionally in a transparent manner with accountability to members. In spite of all these, no doubt, the Co-operatives have contributed a lot to the agriculture development of the Country. We cannot afford to see that these institutions wither away. It need s reform. It is not-worthy to say that in the National Common Minimum Programme of present UPA Government it has been mentioned to bring constitutional amendment to ensure the democratic autonomous and professional functioning of Co-operatives. The constitutional amendment may limit itself with timely conduct of elections timely conduct of audit, uniform tenure of managing committee conduct of general body meetings right of a member for access to information and The accountability of the management. In this context the strategies may be as follows. Co-operatives need be member-driven; stakeholders should have a command over its affairs and activities. There is need for more transparency, more of interaction and confidence -building measures. Aggressive marketing strategy be adopted for sensitizing members and general public about the service and quality rendered by the Co-operatives. Commitment to best Service and pursuit for excellence should be the hallmark of Co-operative. Every society should adopt their customers or members charter and should meticulously adhere to this charter. Co-operative should compete with other players in prevailing market forces without any protectionist or discriminator approach. In respect of short-term, medium-term, long-term sector and Urban Bank sectors, restrictions have been stipulated by Reserve Bank of India, NABARD in respect of finance. These restrictions need be liberalized which would help Co-operative to optimize its lendable resources and provide finance to members. Strengthening information and database of Co-operatives is of utmost importance. MIS need be adopted by the process of computerization and inter-connectivity to provide best services to members and customers with anytime and anywhere service. Professionalization of management is one of the basic prerequisites of Co-operatives. Both the personnel as well as directors of committee of management should be exposed to regular training, interaction and orientation. Adoption of scientific planning for deployment of human resources on the principle of right man for the right post at right time would help Co-operatives to accelerate the pace of reforms. Human resources need be proactive. Motivation, recognition for good work and leadership be inculcated for augmenting productivity. Basic tenets corporate governance is adopted like fair play, transparency and accountability. The PACS, as the foundation of the Co-operative system are meeting the development needs of the farmers by providing credit, inputs and storage and processing and marketing facilities. The Co-operative federated at the district and State level constitutes the Co-operative system. But it is found that the Apex institutions have grown stronger whereas the primaries and in some cases, Central Co-operatives have gone weaker. The situation has to be changed and the primaries have to grow stronger. The business of the Primary Societies has to be diversified. AGRO-INPUTS DISTRIBUTION IN AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES Agricultural Cooperatives in India are very actively and intimately involved in several agriculture related activities. The most important activities are the disbursement of production credit and distribution of fertilizers and other inputs viz seeds, pesticides and agricultural implements. Agricultural Cooperatives are also involved in procurement of farm produce, processing and marketing of oilseeds, Cotton, sugar, milk and milk products, distribution of essential commodities, clothes, kerosene oil and merchandise etc. Coop. movement in India started way back in 1905. Till 1939, Agricultural Cooperatives in India were distributing only the credit to the farmers. Its activities got diversified to consumer articles and also some agricultural inputs in the rural areas over a period of time. Subsequently, based on the suggestions made by different committees and commissions, the cooperatives were given a significant role in distribution of fertilizers. Currently, cooperatives are playing a significant role both in production and marketing of fertilizers. Cooperatives Role in Agricultural Credit Disbursement Cooperatives play a very important role in disbursement of agricultural credit. Credit is needed both by the distribution channel as well as by the farmers. The distribution channel needs it to finance the fertilizer business and farmers need it for meeting various needs for agricultural production including purchasing fertilizers. The credit needed by the farmers for purchase of fertilizers and other inputs is called short term credit or production credit whereas credit needed by the distribution channel is called Distribution Credit. Cooperatives also play a very important role in disbursement of Medium Term and Long Term credit needed by the farmers for purchasing agricultural equipments viz tractors, installation of tube wells and land development works etc. will not be able to adopt the modern agricultural practices unless they are supported by a system which ensures adequate and timely availability of credit on reasonable terms and conditions. Credit in India is made available to the farmers through a multi-agency network consisting of cooperatives, commercial banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs). However, cooperatives accounts for a large proportion of the agricultural credit made available to the farmers. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was established in the year 1982 by an Act of Parliament and was entrusted will all matters concerning policy, planning and operation in the field of credit for agriculture and other economic activities in the rural areas. Before that, this job was being done by Reserve Bank of India itself. NABARD works for progressive institutionalization of the rural credit and ensures that the demands for credit from agriculture including the new and upcoming areas like floriculture, tissue culture, bio-fertilizers, sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation etc. are met. The medium and long term of loans are disbursed to the farmers through Primary Land Development Banks (757) who draw their finances from Central Land Development Banks (20) who in turn draw their finances from NABARD. As for the short term credit, this is disbursed to the farmers through Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS -66,200) who draw their finances from Central Cooperative Banks (363) who in turn draw their finances from the State Cooperative Banks (29). The State Cooperative Banks draw their finances from NABARD. Cooperatives Role in Fertilizer Distribution Agriculture continues to be the mainstay of Indias national economy. Its contribution to Indias Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is about 30 per cent. Nearly two thirds of the population still depends on this sector directly or indirectly. Self-sufficiency in food grains has been the basic objective of Indias policy on agriculture. Food grain reduction has increased from the level of 52 thousand tones in 1951-52 to 199 million tonnes in 1996-97. However, the food grain production declined to 193 million tonnes in 1997-98. The present population of the country is about 960 million and is likely to touch 1000 million by the turn of this century. To feed this level of population, India has to produce 208 million tonnes of food grains from the present level of 193 million tonnes which is; no doubt, a gigantic task The vital role of fertilizers in increasing agricultural production is well recognized. Since, the land man ratio is declining due to increasing population; the additional food gra in production has to come by increasing the productivity of land under cultivation. Adoption of modern agricultural practices is the only way for increasing agricultural productivity. This calls for application of inputs like chemical fertilizers, high yielding seeds and pesticides besides use of mechanical equipments like seed-cum-fertilizer drills, sprayers, pump sets etc. Chemical fertilizers are very costly, particularly the phosphatic and potassic ones which have been decontrolled w.e.f 25th August, 1992. Urea, of course, is relatively low priced due to grant of subsidy by GOI. However, unless balanced trients are applied, the productivity cannot be sustained. Fertilizer Distribution Channels Fertilizers are produced/ imported at about 200 locations in the country and distributed to the farmers scattered through the length and breadth of the country in about 600,000 villages through a network comprising of private and institutional channels. Some quantities are also made available through manufacturers own outlets. Private trade accounts for about 60 per cent of the total fertilizers distributed in the country followed by institutional agencies at 35 per cent and remaining 5 percent through the manufacturers own outlets. Among the institutional agencies, cooperatives are the main agency which alone account for nearly 30% of the total fertilizer business. The total number of fertilizer sale points in the country is 262,000; out of which about 71,000 (27%) are institutional agencies sale points (mainly cooperatives) and the remaining 1, 91,000 (73 %) are controlled by the private trade. Cooperative Channels Cooperatives are the main institutional agency in the country handling fertilizers. Cooperative network, at present, comprises of 29 state level marketing federations, 171 district level marketing societies and about 66,200 village level cooperative societies. These village level cooperative societies are generally called Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS). These societies are the backbone of the cooperative marketing system. These societies are well spread in the entire country covering 97 % of the 0.6 million villages and 95 % of the farming families. The other main institutional agencies engaged in the distribution of fertilizers are State Agro-Industries Development Corporations, Commodity Federations and State Departments of Agriculture etc. They operate both through their own sale depots as well as through the private dealers network. However, their share is only marginal. The cooperative structure differs from state to state and societies at different levels (district/taluka/village) perform different functions in different states. Generally, the cooperative network operates through a 3 tier system. However, in some states such as Haryana, the cooperative marketing system operates on 2 tier basis, while in some others like Gujarat a 4 tier system exists. At the state level, Apex Cooperative Marketing Federations act as wholesalers; marketing societies at district/taluka level as sub-wholesalers while PACS, PAMS (Primary Agricultural Marketing Societies) at grass root level act as retailers. The function of State level Apex Cooperative Marketing Federations differ from state to state. In some states, the Federations are actively involved in fertilizer business like Gujarat, Haryana, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh etc. and they act as the wholesalers for the entire State. In some States like Uttar Pradesh (U.P.), they are not directly involved in the fertilizer business and do the job of liaison and coordination only for which they are getting service charges from the fertilizer suppliers. In U.P., the State Federation is also doing warehousing as well as transportation job both for IFFCO and KRIBHCO (The only manufacturers in the cooperative sector). In the States where Federation is not involved in fertilizer business, the manufacturers are supplying fertilizers directly to the lower societies at the district/village level and the societies are getting full or near full distribution margin which has improved the financial health of these societies. CURRENT COOPERATIVE FERTILISER DISTRIBUTION STATUS Presently, in Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, J K, H.P. and Assam, in the cooperative sector, fertiliser supplies are made to the Apex Coop. Marketing Federations only and they act as wholesalers. Direct supplies are not there at all. Only small quantities under the special scheme like IFFCO-NCDC scheme in Haryana and IFFCO societies adoption programme in M.P. are supplied directly to the societies. In these states district level societies operate as sub-wholesalers. In the states like Punjab, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa A.P. and Kerala, both the systems i.e. supply through federation as well as direct supply to the societies are prevalent. As a result, some of the societies at the lower levels are getting supplies directly from the manufacturers while others are getting from the Federations. However, in the states of U.P. and Bihar, supplies of fertilisers are made to the village level societies directly by the manufacturers. In states where state level federations act as wholesalers, the manufacturer has to deal with only one agency. Consequently, the job of sales planning, movement and stocks planning, realisation of sales proceeds etc. becomes very easy. In states where manufacturer deals with the lower tier cooperatives directly, the volume of work increases many fold and it becomes much more complex. The material has to be released to individual societies and the sales proceeds realisation has also to be done at that level only. This requires deployment of larger field force. Decentralised release system leads to establishing larger number of warehouses and correspondingly larger inventory. This all increases the operating cost. Manufacturers Own Outlets Some manufacturers viz. IFFCO, KRIBHCO, GSFC, GNFC and NFL have their own retail outlets called Farmers Service Centres or Service Centres or Farm Information Centres etc. In these outlets, agricultural inputs like fertilisers, seeds, agro-chemicals and agricultural implements etc. are made available to the farmers under one roof along with agricultural production technology literature. The main motto of these service centres is not only to provide all quality agro-inputs to the farmers but also educating them on scientific agricultural by providing technical know how in the field of agriculture. This help the farmers in increasing their agricultural productivity and profitability. Promotion activities are also carried out in the villages located around these centres ( within radius of 8-10 kms) which includes demonstrations, farmers meetings, soil test campaigns, crop seminars etc. In addition, social campaigns like tree plantations, medical check-up, veterinary check up etc. are also organised. They also serve the purpose additional/alternative distribution channel for the organisation. POLICY PLANNING OF COOPERATION DEPARTMENT The Department of Cooperation is responsible for promotion and development of Cooperatives, which have been recognised as an instrument of planned economic development and all-round socio-economic transformation, particularly in rural areas of the State. The Department formulates policies in this behalf and prepares plans to execute the policies. The Department has reoriented its policies during the last four years, 1997-2000 to enhance professional competence, encourage adoption of modern methods of management and to introduce required structural, administrative and techno-legal reforms in Cooperatives to meet the challenges of economic liberalization and globalization in the country. Some of the Policies are: Promotion and Development of Cooperatives The Department has so far pursued a policy of providing catalytic assistance, which include financial and technical assistance, to all Cooperatives in the State, irrespective of the fact whether they were involved in execution of policies and programmes of the Government or not. This policy has now been reforme

Gullivers Travels :: essays research papers

He’s not Making Funnies is He?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gulliver’s Travels is swarmed with many different satires. In the movie Gulliver’s Travels, Jonathan Swift throws out a number of ideas and statements concerning his views of hatred for cruelty, injustice, pettiness, and also stupidity that he saw through his everyday life. I like the way that he conveys his satires among the audience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first part of the video, a lot of his criticisms were going towards the higher people of the ladder. For example, the King of the ship and then all of the other rulers of the world were the main people that he put down. When the ship was going to crash due to the imbalance of the flight magnet, the King simply sat on his throne and told the men in the room that everything was going to be fine. While the many men on board were running around frantically, the King did not give any aid to the problem. The point here was that Kings of the time, were not fulfilling their roles, instead, they were laying back and letting problems settle for themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also, in the first section of the video, professors got the bashing of satire. While Lemuel was walking around the island, he was stopping randomly and asking for directions to the place. Almost all of the rooms he entered, there was a professor working on an experiment. After he asked the intelligent men for the path to his destiny, they would simply describe their project to him or respond with not knowing what he was talking about. With the actions of the man, I thought that the satire on the professors was superior. The professors were not worrying about anything else that went on around them, due to the fact that they were too into their projects. Lemuel describes them to be experiments with no end. The thought of how professors work so hard on making something that will come to be nothing was explained with great and detailed satire in the afterward part of the video clip.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the second part of the movie, Lemuel Gulliver was on an island with some different kid of â€Å"creatures†. One of the animals was a horse, and they obtained the name of houyhnhnms. These were symbolizing the natives from another planet, country, land, or island. The horses were talking to Lemuel and he discussed his culture and in exchange, the houyhnhnm’s shared their thoughts and beliefs with Lemuel.

Appeal to the reader Essay

      In the poem Tennyson uses rhyme to add to the atmosphere and aid the performance. Rhyme improves the reader’s recital of the poem because rhyme adds to the poem’s rhythm and means the performer can predict the flow. They flow can be predicted because the rhyme pattern is regular which means it is the same in all the verses. If they know what is going to happen next it will improve the presentation and mean any embarrassing stumbles over words are avoided. Also rhyme keeps each line catchy and simple. The poem will flow better and could increase understanding because certain words are stressed and emphasised more than others. In the Lady of Shallot the rhyme scheme is A, A, A, A, B, C, C, C, B. Rhythm is used to keep the poem flowing and sometimes to support or boost understanding. It improves understanding because sometimes the feelings in a poem are portrayed by the way it is performed. For example if a poem is read slowly in a sad tone then the poem is likely to have a sad subject, like death or illness. The Lady of Shallot has many emotions but I think it should be read at a slow pace because it is quite complex and has quite a lot of miserable and gloomy parts. Also if you say a poem at a slower speed it creates more tension because the person listening wants to find out what is going to happen next and wants to find out more. The Lady of Shallot is a ballad so the structure is partly like a story and partly like a poem. It is in stanzas (verses), which are a property of a poem, which separates the text making it easier to process rather than having long pieces of text. The poem is separated into parts which are similar to chapters; they rise to a climax before they end. Each one develops the story further and separated the different subjects. For example, part 2 is about what she can see through her mirror, where as part 3 is about Sir Lancelot and the beginning of her escape. This could be confusing if it was one part because the action would be constant. However as it is in parts it makes more sense because the reader is almost encouraged to stop after each part and reflect of the work that they have just read. This gives the reader time to process what they have read and make sure they understand, before continuing. It may also be confusing because some parts may be similar and easy to mistake. Plus it keeps the reader interested. The Lady of Shallot has quite an individual style. It is like a story but yet it is a poem. It has chapter like sections that follow the journey of one woman. It was written in 1842 so it is quite old fashioned, not only the language, but also the general opinions of people of the time are portrayed in the poem. What I mean by this is because it was written in Victorian times; it reflects some of the common views from those times. For example some parts of it could be thought of as sexist. The points are The Lady of Shallot was expected to stay in the tower, which is similar to the expectation that a woman should stay at home.   She was expected to sew a web, similar to the expectation that women should be housewives. She was the one that died for a man, maybe a subtle way of showing that a man is better and more important that a woman. I think Tennyson uses poetic devices well in the poem, the Lady of Shallot. He uses them to imply many things and from analysing different quotes I have realised he uses many more subtle ones than first recognisable Targets: Use key vocabulary Try to explore how text informed by time and place.

Bullying and Teasing Essay

Abstract The importance of the recognition of bullying is to get people to notice and be aware of what’s going on around them. For them to see the damage and harm it is causing every individual. The statistics of bullying is so overwhelming that it awakening and frightening at the same time. Bullying and Teasing: No Laughing Matter Unfortunately, teasing is often part of growing up — almost every child experiences it. But it isn’t always as innocuous as it seems. Words can cause pain. Teasing becomes bullying when it is repetitive or when there is a conscious intent to hurt another child. If more people were aware of the harm and damage cause by bullying, people would try to prevent it more and there would be less victims of it. It can be verbal bullying (making threats, name-calling), psychological bullying (excluding children, spreading rumors), or physical bullying (hitting, pushing, taking a child’s possessions). How Bullying Starts Bullying behavior is prevalent throughout the world and it cuts across socio-economic, racial/ethnic, and cultural lines. Researchers estimate that 20 to 30 percent of school-age children are involved in bullying incidents, as either perpetrators or victims. Bullying can begin as early as preschool  and intensify during transitional stages, such as starting school in 1st grade or going into the middle school. Victims of bullying are often shy and tend to be physically weaker than their peers. They may also have low self-esteem and poor social skills, which makes it hard for them to stand up for themselves. Bullies consider these children safe targets because they usually don’t retaliate. Effects of Bullying If your child is the victim of bullying, he may suffer physically and emotionally, and his schoolwork will likely show it. Grades drop because, instead of listening to the teacher, kids are wondering what they did wrong and whether anyone will sit with them at lunch. If bullying persists, they may be afraid to go to school. Problems with low self-esteem and depression can last into adulthood and interfere with personal and professional lives. Bullies are affected too, even into adulthood; they may have difficulty forming positive relationships. They are more apt to use tobacco and alcohol, and to be abusive spouses. Some studies have even found a correlation with later criminal activities. Warning Signs If you’re concerned that your child is a victim of teasing or bullying, look for these signs of stress: * Increased passivity or withdrawal * Frequent crying * Recurrent complaints of physical symptoms such as stomach-aches or headaches with no apparent cause * Unexplained bruises * Sudden drop in grades or other learning problems * Not wanting to go to school * Significant changes in social life — suddenly no one is calling or extending invitations * Sudden change in the way your child talks — calling herself a loser, or a former friend a jerk How to Help First, give your child space to talk. If she recounts incidences of teasing or bullying, be empathetic. If your child has trouble verbalizing her feelings, read a story about children being You can also use puppets, dolls, or stuffed animals to encourage a young child to act out problems. Once you’ve opened the door, help your child begin to problem-solve. Role-play  situations and teach your child ways to respond. You might also need to help your child find a way to move on by encouraging her to reach out and make new friends. She might join teams and school clubs to widen her circle. At home and on the playground: Adults need to intervene to help children resolve bullying issues, but calling another parent directly can be tricky unless he or she is a close friend. It is easy to find yourself in a â€Å"he said/she said† argument. Try to find an intermediary: even if the bullying occurs outside of school, a teacher, counselor, coach, or after-school program director may be able to help mediate a productive discussion. If you do find yourself talking directly to the other parent, try to do it in person rather than over the phone. Don’t begin with an angry recounting of the other child’s offenses. Set the stage for a collaborative approach by suggesting going to the playground, or walking the children to school together, to observe interactions and jointly express disapproval for any unaccepted behavior. At school: Many schools (sometimes as part of a statewide effort) have programs especially designed to raise awareness of bullying behavior and to help parents and teachers deal effectively with it. Check with your local school district to see if it has such a program. Schools and parents can work effectively behind the scenes to help a child meet and make new friends via study groups or science-lab partnerships. If you are concerned about your child: * Share with the teacher what your child has told you; describe any teasing or bullying you may have witnessed. * Ask the teacher if she sees similar behavior at school, and enlist her help in finding ways to solve the problem. * If she hasn’t seen any instances of teasing, ask that she keep an eye out for the behavior you described. * If the teacher says your child is being teased, find out whether there are any things he may be doing in class to attract teasing. Ask how he responds to the teasing, and discuss helping him develop a more effective response. * After the initial conversation, be sure to make a follow-up appointment to discuss how things are going. * If the problem persists, or the teacher ignores your concerns, and your child starts to withdraw or not want to go  to school, consider the possibility of â€Å"therapeutic intervention.† Ask to meet with the school counselor or psychologist, or request a referral to the appropriate school professional. Bullying and suicide link together. Not many people see that. A lot of adults still see bullying as† just being a kid†. It is a serious problem that leads to many negative effects of victims, including suicide. People don’t see but a major portion of victims of suicide are linked to being bullied. The statistics on bullying and suicide are alarming: * Suicide is the third leading cause of death among young people, resulting in about 4,400 deaths per year, according to the CDC. For every suicide among young people, there are at least 100 suicide attempts. Over 14 percent of high school students have considered suicide, and almost 7 percent have attempted it. * Bully victims are between 2 to 9 times more likely to consider suicide than non-victims, according to studies by Yale University * A study in Britain found that at least half of suicides among young people are related to bullying * 10 to 14 year old girls may be at even higher risk for suicide, according to the study above * According to statistics reported by ABC News, nearly 30 percent of students are either bullies or victims of bullying, and 160,000 kids stay home from school every day because of fear of bullying Bully-related suicide can be connected to any type of bullying, including physical bullying, emotional bullying, cyber bullying, and sexting, or circulating suggestive or nude photos or messages about a person. Some schools or regions have more serious problems with bullying and suicide related to bullying. This may be due to an excessive problem with bullying at the school. It could also be related to the tendency of students who are exposed to suicide to consider suicide themselves. There are too many kids out there, which are being bullied and teased. I think; I know if more people were aware of this issue more and the damage it causes to each person’s life, they would try to prevent it. There would be a lower rate of bullied victims.

The Worst Polluted Places on Earth

The Worst Polluted Places on Earth More than 10 million people in eight different countries are at serious risk for cancer, respiratory diseases, and premature death because they live in the 10 most polluted places on Earth, according to a report by the Blacksmith Institute, a nonprofit organization that works to identify and solve specific environmental problems worldwide. Top 10 Worst Polluted Places Chernobyl in Ukraine, site of the world’s worst nuclear accident to date, is the best-known place on the list. The other places are unknown to most people and located far from major cities and populations centers, yet 10 million people either suffer or risk serious health effects because of environmental problems ranging from lead contamination to radiation. â€Å"Living in a town with serious pollution is like living under a death sentence,† the report says. â€Å"If the damage does not come from immediate poisoning, then cancers, lung infections, developmental delays, are likely outcomes.† â€Å"There are some towns where life expectancy approaches medieval rates, where birth defects are the norm, not the exception,† the report continues. â€Å"In other places, childrens asthma rates are measured above 90 percent, or mental retardation is endemic. In these places, life expectancy may be half that of the richest nations. The great suffering of these communities compounds the tragedy of so few years on earth. The Worst Polluted Sites Serve as Examples of Widespread Problems Russia leads the list of eight nations, with three of the 10 worst polluted sites. Other sites were chosen because they are examples of problems found in many places around the world. For example, Haina, Dominican Republic has severe lead contamination - a problem that is common in many poor countries. Linfen, China is just one of several Chinese cities choking on industrial air pollution. And Ranipet, India is a nasty example of serious groundwater pollution by heavy metals. The Top 10 Worst Polluted Places The Top 10 worst polluted places in the world are: Chernobyl, UkraineDzerzhinsk, RussiaHaina, Dominican RepublicKabwe, ZambiaLa Oroya, PeruLinfen, ChinaMaiuu Suu, KyrgyzstanNorilsk, RussiaRanipet, IndiaRudnaya Pristan/Dalnegorsk, Russia Choosing the Top 10 Worst Polluted Places The Top 10 worst polluted places were chosen by the Blacksmith Institute’s Technical Advisory Board from a list of 35 polluted places that had been narrowed from 300 polluted places identified by the Institute or nominated by people worldwide. The Technical Advisory Board includes experts from Johns Hopkins, Hunter College, Harvard University, IIT India, the University of Idaho, Mount Sinai Hospital, and leaders of major international environmental remediation companies. Solving Global Pollution Problems According to the report, â€Å"there are potential remedies for these sites. Problems like this have been solved over the years in the developed world, and we have the capacity and the technology to spread our experience to our afflicted neighbors.† â€Å"The most important thing is to achieve some practical progress in dealing with these polluted places,† says Dave Hanrahan, chief of global operations for the Blacksmith Institute. â€Å"There is a lot of good work being done in understanding the problems and in identifying possible approaches. Our goal is to instill a sense of urgency about tackling these priority sites.† Edited by Frederic Beaudry

The Crucibe - the movie and the play essays

The Crucibe - the movie and the play essays When comparing the Federalist and Anti-Federalist views on the ratification of the United States Constitution, one must consider their respective principles. It can be argued that each side believes firmly that its views are of primary importance. However, one must surmise which side best reflects the principles set forth for the Declaration. It was a time of intense debate between the Anti-Federalist and Federalist with regard to what, if any, ratification of the Constitution. The first draft of the Constitution was written in 1787. The period of discord lasted through 1789 with the ratification of the Constitution. Papers were written by both sides citing significant points as to whether, or not, the ratification should take place. The Anti-Federalists were opposed to the ratification of the Constitution. Authors of the intense Anti-Federalist papers used pseudonyms. The writings of the Anti-Federalists focused on how a powerful national government would weaken the Constitution. The Anti-Federalists believed the new republic should be rooted in virtue. They argued that a powerful national government would behoove those with vested economic interests. Further, Anti-Federalists would rather rely on trust then coercion to enforce laws. Hence, because the Anti-Federalists believed a successful republic required virtue and because they feared tyranny, they opposed any ratification of the Constitution. The Federalists, on the other hand, argued in favor of the ratification of the Constitution. The Federalist Papers were written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. Alexander Hamilton, The Federalist No. 15, suggests the necessary and proper clause of Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution concerned Anti-Federalists, as they believed it would mean the end of independent state governments. However, Hamilton argued that any government must have the ability to enforce the powers granted to it ...

Case Study Treating An Ischemic Brain Attack Nursing Essay

Case Study Treating An Ischemic Brain Attack Nursing Essay J Sparrow, a 70-year-old patient, presents to the emergency department 4 hours after experiencing an ischemic brain attack confirmed on the CT of the head without contrast. The patient is a candidate for intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy to dissolve the blood clot causing the significant stroke symptoms. The patient is scheduled for the emergent cerebral angiogram with possible intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy. The nurse provided patient and family education and received the informed written consent from the patient’s spouse. The patient has intravenous normal saline at 100 mL/hr infusing into the right forearm with an 18-gauge angiocath, which is patent. Interpretations and findings done by the group: Most books have cited the importance of the â€Å"3-hour window† for administration of thrombolytic therapies. This is to adhere to the fact that irreversible brain injuries usually take place after 3 hours from the onset of stroke, and any intervention to reverse t he condition would be deemed useless. But recent studies show that the 3 hour window was extended to 4.5 hours, and was proven to still be therapeutic if the drug was administered up to this time. In the patient’s case, even if it was 4 hours after the onset of stroke, he was still allowed to undergo possible Intra-arterial Thrombolytic therapy following a cerebral angiography since this was indicated for stroke patients with onset of symptoms for more than 3 hours. CT scan of the head without contrast was done as a differential diagnosis as to what type of stroke patient JS had experienced. This was an important test to determine further interventions needed, and to reduce risks for any complications if the client’s stroke was classified as hemorrhagic. Cerebral angiography was ordered to identify the exact area of occlusion, so that immediate administration of the thrombolytic drug can be done. Before patient JS became a candidate for thrombolytic therapy, several cr iteria for eligibility were assessed since not all stroke patients can have this kind of therapy. What labs should the nurse assess before the procedure and why? Patient JS is about to undergo cerebral angiography, wherein a contrast dye is to be injected to view the area of occlusion. Before the procedure, certain laboratory tests need to be assessed and reassessed as a standard protocol, and for further procedures which requires it. The cerebral angiography test is done to locate the area of occlusion or infarction to determine the area of administration of Thrombolytics. Since the client is about to undergo EMERGENT cerebral angiography, only the most significant laboratory tests are to be assessed. Blood tests Complete blood count with Platelet Count Hemoglobin count is important to determine the amount of oxygen in the blood. Low oxygen in blood aggravates the condition of the patient (in which a part of the brain is deprived already of oxygen), by depriving other parts of the brain or body of proper oxygen. Hematocrit can also determine if the client experiences alterations in fluid volume, especially within the blood vessels. Assessing these values can determine further interventions needed to be done before the procedure, such as administration of oxygen and increasing the rate of administration of fluids.

Health and Safety 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health and Safety 1 - Assignment Example Principal contractor's legal responsibilities for notifiable projects: Monitor and oversee construction while coordinating with the contractor. Prepare and implement a plan for the project and site rules. Share relevant portions of the plan with contractors. Provide suitable welfare facilities available on site before beginning work on site, and maintain them through the project. Check competence of all parties appointed by him. Ensure dissemination of all needed information to all workers. Consult with workers before and during work on site. Assist CDM co-ordinator by liaising with him on design. Ensure security of site and safety of all workers on site. Contractor's legal responsibilities for all projects: Monitor and oversee own performance as also that of workers on site. Assume responsibility for competence for their employees. Training of their employees Providing information to their workers to enable maximum productivity and quality. Comply with requirements as set out in Part 4 of the CDM regulations document. Provide good and adequate welfare facilities for own workers. Contractor's legal responsibilities for notifiable projects: Check whether the client is aware of his own duties, and whether a CDM coordinator has been appointed and HSE notified prior to beginning work. Cooperate and coordinate with principal contractor while planning and executing work, as also setting down site rules and reasonable directions. Provide details pertaining to the work to any contractor engaged in the project, including the principal contractor. Provide information for the health and safety file whenever required. Give feedback on the plan to the principal contractor, identifying and pointing out any problems. Inform the... The main provisions outlined within the document and their introduction by project management is as follows. These are common for both MHSWR 1999 and CDM regulations, 2007, differing in scope and resultant measures: Encourage all involved (Client, design team, contractors and workers) to work towards the seamless integration of safety and health issues into the process of building construction. This has been made possible by introducing the CDM coordinator who makes compliance possible through extensive pre-project coordination between all concerned. Reduce and eliminate hazards through better planning and management from the start of a project. As the client responsibilities have been more clearly defined, it is in the clients best interests to involve designers and the contractors to identify and reduce hazards before actual construction starts, thereby reducing project creep through efficient project management and time lines. Effective targeting of effort to maximise health and safety improvement outcomes.

Principles of Architectural Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of Architectural Structures - Essay Example The design also encompasses forces and movements as a result of temperature, cracking, creep, as well as imposed loads (Dabby & Bedi 2012, p.5). The structural design should also make sure that the design is buildable practically within the allowable material’s manufacturing tolerances. The design of the structure should also give room for fitting and functionality of systems such as smoke extraction, air conditioning, lighting among others. Structural design, in general, has a role of making the structure suitable for living in all dimensions. Various components of a structure are used in enhancing the suitability of the structure. This is brought about by the choice of materials to build these components, design as well as other basic processes (Bach 2009, p.9). They are done technically to impact a certain aspect that will help the structure to achieve the required standards as discussed in the document below. The document also addresses the use of reinforced concrete in solving various structural essentials. Reinforced concrete  is basically  a composite material whereby concrete that has relatively low ductility, and tensile strength are counteracted by the reinforcement inclusion with higher ductility and tensile strength. This as an aspect in return makes the reinforced concrete very strong and hence a suitable building material. Reinforced concrete  can be classified among  the types of building materials. The architecture needs to be keen in choosing the construction materials. The choice of building materials should be on the basis of the required properties of the structure. In this scenario, reinforced concrete will be used to solve the problem of the aspects such as thermal and acoustic performance, durability, fire resistance, and load resistivity among others (Emmitt et al. 2004, p.37). In terms of load resistivity reinforced concrete outdo all the other building materials such as wood and steel. This

Critical review of using the literature as a research method Essay

Critical review of using the literature as a research method - Essay Example 31). There are however, various drawbacks and benefits of using literature review to conduct a research on some selected topics such as female genital mutilation among other sensitive topics. These will be discussed in this paper. Literature review is vital in that it helps a researcher to get familiarized with methodology, weight and deduction of research conducted by other people on the chosen topic. It helps the researcher familiarize with the problem or need and to express the major aim of the research issue pertinent to the issue. This ensures that the researcher comprehends the wider context to the specific topic, issue or concern and to prevent the duplication of the current research in particular the out-of-date or inconsistent research. The research gets the general overview of the research body with which one is not well conversant with (Cresswell, 2003; p.13). It helps the researcher to position the research in the broader background so that one can make the relevant conclusion which might emerge from the research. Literature review is also very significant since it initiates the researcher to the demerits and merits of the different research methods and methodologies. The main intention is for the researcher to understand intensively the connection between the methods, methodologies and the outcome and to select the most relevant and fruitful methods for the data collected in regard to the issue, problem or need (female genital mutilation). It offers the researcher new ideas and concepts which can be applied in the research to enrich the content, applicability and relevance of the outcome. Another benefit is to familiarize the researcher with the possible effective reaction to the chosen topic, subject or need which other researchers have both made attempts and assessed for their efficiency. The main intention is to assist one to learn from the experience of

INTERNATIONAL CONTRACTS ( INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW) Essay

INTERNATIONAL CONTRACTS ( INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW) - Essay Example is put at 6% works out to a staggering figure of the US$ 420 million per year3 A bulk of this amount represents cost of using the documentary letter of credit. About 30 % of the import trade of the U.S. is paid through this letter of credit mode.4 The percentage of six as the transaction cost is not a small amount. Major portion of this cost is attributed to the return or refusal of the bankers involved at various stages of the routing of the documents from the importing end to the exporting end for reasons of accompanying documents not complying with the descriptions stipulated in the governing letters of credit. Although the ICC 5 sponsored UCP 5006 of 1993 governing the handling of the letter of credit during the course of transactions between the importers and exporters has recently been simplified by the UCP 600 7 in 2007 for hassle free transactions, it is still inadequate to keep pace with the fast paced transactions in the wake of electronic commerce that has emerged during t he last few decades. This paper seeks to highlight the various legal barriers that parties involved have to face in the documentation of the international trade, different modes of payments in practice including the documentary letter of credit and justify the need for a more favourable climate for documentation which can be more aptly called as negotiation of documents for collection of payments for goods and services supplied in the course of international trade. This is the predominant type of mode of payment for international transactions for goods and services which the UCP 600 (formerly UCP 500) is entirely devoted to. The payment is collected through the party usually a bank or two corresponding banks trusted by the buyer and seller. The buyer’s bank is the issuing bank and the seller’s bank is the confirming bank. Since the buyer and seller come from different legal jurisdictions banks are invariably different enjoying the confidence of the respective sides i.e the buyer

MGT 501 Mgmt. and Org. Behavior Organizations as POLITICAL SYSTEMS - Essay

MGT 501 Mgmt. and Org. Behavior Organizations as POLITICAL SYSTEMS - systems of political activity, with patterns of competing interests, conflict and power - Essay Example how things have changed over the years and how an individual needs to act if he / she want to survive their job. Any kind of loose talk or gossip can prove to be very expensive for the individuals and hence a great deal of care needs to be taken. The two articles have in their own ways brought out the various points of how individuals can manage their position in the offices without getting into the bad books of either their colleagues or the bosses. The main difference of the two articles however is that Kennedy provides insights on how to effectively lead a team and more importantly how to manage teams in the current times. She explains how the leadership was different in earlier times and how people now prefer to be led than managed. This is clear from the statement in the article, ‘Old style management is out. Younger workers, especially, dont want to be managed. They want to follow someone who knows where he or she is going. They want to be taught, not directed. Labor shortages intensify when physician executives dont adapt their styles’ (Kennedy). Both the authors have presented very similar topics however have explained them in very different manners. Kennedy explains the politics and leadership in a manner which is more as a solution and advice to be good leaders in the current times, while Sun has given a clear cut explanation of the politics and ways to avoid them in a very diplomatic manner. This is clear from the statement made in the article, ‘Suppose your co-workers start complaining about the boss. If you join in, it makes you look disloyal to the boss’, he advices the individuals to reply as, ‘Come on, arent we exaggerating? [name of boss] really isnt THAT bad’ (Sun). Hence as seen it is clear that the two authors have in their own ways shown how to deal with politics in a company. Considering the topic of managing power in social relationships, it is important to note that this requires a high deal of

Critical review of using the literature as a research method Essay

Critical review of using the literature as a research method - Essay Example 31). There are however, various drawbacks and benefits of using literature review to conduct a research on some selected topics such as female genital mutilation among other sensitive topics. These will be discussed in this paper. Literature review is vital in that it helps a researcher to get familiarized with methodology, weight and deduction of research conducted by other people on the chosen topic. It helps the researcher familiarize with the problem or need and to express the major aim of the research issue pertinent to the issue. This ensures that the researcher comprehends the wider context to the specific topic, issue or concern and to prevent the duplication of the current research in particular the out-of-date or inconsistent research. The research gets the general overview of the research body with which one is not well conversant with (Cresswell, 2003; p.13). It helps the researcher to position the research in the broader background so that one can make the relevant conclusion which might emerge from the research. Literature review is also very significant since it initiates the researcher to the demerits and merits of the different research methods and methodologies. The main intention is for the researcher to understand intensively the connection between the methods, methodologies and the outcome and to select the most relevant and fruitful methods for the data collected in regard to the issue, problem or need (female genital mutilation). It offers the researcher new ideas and concepts which can be applied in the research to enrich the content, applicability and relevance of the outcome. Another benefit is to familiarize the researcher with the possible effective reaction to the chosen topic, subject or need which other researchers have both made attempts and assessed for their efficiency. The main intention is to assist one to learn from the experience of

MGT 501 Mgmt. and Org. Behavior Organizations as POLITICAL SYSTEMS - Essay

MGT 501 Mgmt. and Org. Behavior Organizations as POLITICAL SYSTEMS - systems of political activity, with patterns of competing interests, conflict and power - Essay Example how things have changed over the years and how an individual needs to act if he / she want to survive their job. Any kind of loose talk or gossip can prove to be very expensive for the individuals and hence a great deal of care needs to be taken. The two articles have in their own ways brought out the various points of how individuals can manage their position in the offices without getting into the bad books of either their colleagues or the bosses. The main difference of the two articles however is that Kennedy provides insights on how to effectively lead a team and more importantly how to manage teams in the current times. She explains how the leadership was different in earlier times and how people now prefer to be led than managed. This is clear from the statement in the article, ‘Old style management is out. Younger workers, especially, dont want to be managed. They want to follow someone who knows where he or she is going. They want to be taught, not directed. Labor shortages intensify when physician executives dont adapt their styles’ (Kennedy). Both the authors have presented very similar topics however have explained them in very different manners. Kennedy explains the politics and leadership in a manner which is more as a solution and advice to be good leaders in the current times, while Sun has given a clear cut explanation of the politics and ways to avoid them in a very diplomatic manner. This is clear from the statement made in the article, ‘Suppose your co-workers start complaining about the boss. If you join in, it makes you look disloyal to the boss’, he advices the individuals to reply as, ‘Come on, arent we exaggerating? [name of boss] really isnt THAT bad’ (Sun). Hence as seen it is clear that the two authors have in their own ways shown how to deal with politics in a company. Considering the topic of managing power in social relationships, it is important to note that this requires a high deal of

The part of the film Essay Example for Free

The part of the film Essay In the opening scene of the film there is an important camera shot going on, a point of view shot of a creature flying over the water, which eventually leads into a and if you listen very carefully you can hear a drum beat that could relate to a heart beat, this could make the audience become jumpy or scared because it could make them feel as if they were there. That camera shot is effective because it begins to involve the audience. The camera shot continues over the water and up until you have a point of view of Santa Carla and the rides, because it is night time have is a slight horror element because most villains and monsters get their prey at night. Straight after that we go into a close up of David and his gang and the people he fights with on the carousal, this is when we get our first glance of who David is and makes the audience ask questions like, Is that the vampire? When David attacks the man on the carousel we get to see what he is going to be like throughout the film. In the camera shot after this we can hear flapping and laughing of the creatures suggesting that it is a vampire of some sort. This part of the film, this would make the audience jumpy because it goes from a close up on the guard to show his fear and a point of view shot from the creature to show its getting closer. When the creatures finally get the guard we see the door been ripped off and screaming of the guard, the cameras very cleverly disguise is to the audience can not see what is been ripped apart. This would build tension because the audience would want to known what is happening and what the monster is meaning they will have to wait until further in the film. The camera shots that are filmed in the day part of the scene also bring the horror element to the film. At the very start of the day scene it is a similar camera shot to the start of the night scene, due to it looking like a point of view shot over the water, yet again. When entering into Santa Carla on the back of the welcome sign it says Welcome to the murder capital of the world in a red paint. This is a moment of iconography because the colour red is the same colour as blood and gore. At this time the Mother says I know what we have been through over the last couple of years. This is ironic because of what has happened so far suggests that this will not be much different from what they have had before. All the characters in the car are completely oblivious about it and do not know what will happen and what is happening. During the next scene we get a camera shot of a close up, on the people of Santa Carla with inter cut ups of missing posters suggesting that Santa Carla is a weird place going with that and the weird people. This shows quickly that Santa Carla is a weird place and has some strange problems. That part of the film links to the song that is going on at this point, People are strange, the part of the film fits in with the song because the people of Santa Carla are actually acting very strange.

Morphology Control in Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Morphology Control in Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis Hammed A. Salami Introduction One of the most significant current discussions in the field of nanotechnology is the development of novel nanomaterials. When materials are reduced from bulk to the nanometer-scale dimension, they begin to exhibit unusual physical and chemical properties [1, 2]. Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in the elucidation of the structure-function relationship of these novel nanomaterials [3, 4]. The availability of imaging techniques with nanometer resolution, such as electron microscopy has not only helped in visualizing the individual nanoparticles, but also, it has facilitated an understanding of some of the emerging properties of noble metal nanoparticles such as spectroscopic enhancement and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) [5, 6]. For noble-metal nanoparticles, these structure-function relationships have attracted significant research interests. This is because, unlike in bulk metal materials, the control of the chemical and physical properties of noble-metal nanoparticles is possible with a modification of their size and shape, and by varying the material composition [1, 6]. As a result of the unique roles played by size and shape in influencing the properties of noble-metal nanoparticles, researchers have continually focused on ways to reproducibly tailor these parameters in other to adapt the nanoparticles for optimal use in a wide range of applications, including biology[4], energy[7], sensing, spectroscopic enhancement[8-10] and catalysis [7, 11]. The size of nanoparticles influences their optical properties while the shape and crystallographic facets are the major factors that determine their catalytic and surface activities [12]. Nanoparticles with non-spherical structures are referred to as anisotropic nanoparticles. Examples include nanocubes, nanoprisms, nanorods, etc. [13]. They show pronounced shape-dependent properties and functionalities, therefore a great deal of research effort has been paid at developing synthetic strategies to get a high yield of anisotropic noble metal nanoparticles having uniform structures and controlled shape and size[5]. The deliberate control of shape has however proven to be the most challenging, despite being one of the useful parameters for optimizing the properties of noble metal nanoparticles. This is particularly more pronounced in gold nanoparticles synthesis [3, 14-16]. Of the many shapes of gold nanoparticles, gold nanorods have continued to attract the most attention [2]. This is largely due to the large number of synthetic methods available, the possibility of high monodispersity and the control over the aspect ratio, which accounts for the change in their optical properties [17]. When molecules are adsorbed on the surface of gold nanoparticles, they undergo surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects. This is due to the coupling effect of the plasmon band of the irradiated metal with the molecules electronic states [18, 19]. For gold nanorods, two Plasmon bands are prominent. They are the longitudinal plasmon band and the transverse plasmon band. These bands correspond to light absorption and scattering along the long and short axis of the particle respectively [20-22]. While the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance increases with larger aspect ratios (length/diameter), the transverse surface plasmon resonance is usually on the same wavel ength as that of nanospheres, with no dependence on the aspect ratio[23]. The current high dependence on non-renewable feedstocks can be minimized with the production of fine chemicals, petrol-derived commodities and polymer precursors from biomass[24]. Supported gold nanoparticles have been found to be very active catalysts for a number of biomass transformation and many researchers have focused their attention in searching for the best supports, reaction conditions and mechanistic studies to improve their selectivity[25, 26]. Most catalytic studies in literature involving noble metal nanoparticles, either as mono- or bimetallic catalyst, are done with spherical nanoparticles [25-27]. The spherical nanoparticles used are usually immobilized onto suitable supports to form impregnated catalysts and in some cases they are preformed before immobilization [27]. To achieve this, methods such as wet impregnation, sol immobilization etc. are often used [28, 29]. These methods however, do not allow the control of morphology of the nanoparticles. There is therefore the need to develop an understanding of morphology control in the synthesis of anisotropic noble metal nanoparticles with high yield. It would also be interesting to explore the correlation between these controlled morphologies and catalytic activities. Project Aims This project will therefore aim at synthesising various morphologies of mono and bimetallic noble metal nanoparticles, with optimum control of the morphology during the synthesis. Starting with gold, we will also explore the use of colloidal methods in immobilizing the preformed nanoparticles with selected morphologies and narrow particle size distribution e.g. gold nanorods, onto suitable supports to form heterogeneous catalysts. Since the rods expose certain crystallographic planes more than most other morphologies and also have comparatively low coordination sites, they can be potentially more selective for reactions that preferably occur on low coordination sites. As a starting point we will therefore, explore their use as supported heterogeneous catalysts in selective oxidation and hydrogenation reactions for biomass transformation. References [1]M.-C. Daniel, D. Astruc, Chemical reviews 2004, 104, 293-346. [2]J. Pà ©rez-Juste, I. Pastoriza-Santos, L. M. Liz-Marzà ¡n, P. Mulvaney, Coordination Chemistry Reviews 2005, 249, 1870-1901. [3]M. L. Personick, C. A. Mirkin, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2013, 135, 18238-18247. [4]X. Ma, M.-C. Wang, J. Feng, X. Zhao, Acta Materialia 2015, 85, 322-330. [5]C. J. Murphy, T. K. Sau, A. M. Gole, C. J. Orendorff, J. Gao, L. Gou, S. E. Hunyadi, T. Li, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2005, 109, 13857-13870. [6]L. T. Lanh, T. T. Hoa, N. D. Cuong, D. Q. Khieu, D. T. Quang, N. Van Duy, N. D. Hoa, N. Van Hieu, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2015, 635, 265-271. [7]G. A. Somorjai, H. Frei, J. Y. Park, Journal of the American Chemical Society 2009, 131, 16589-16605. [8]J. E. Millstone, S. J. Hurst, G. S. Mà ©traux, J. I. Cutler, C. A. Mirkin, Small 2009, 5, 646-664. [9]M. R. Jones, K. D. Osberg, R. J. Macfarlane, M. R. Langille, C. A. Mirkin, Chemical reviews 2011, 111, 3736-3827. [10]A. R. Tao, S. Habas, P. Yang, small 2008, 4, 310-325. [11]N. Tian, Z.-Y. Zhou, S.-G. Sun, Y. Ding, Z. L. Wang, science 2007, 316, 732-735. [12]K. L. Kelly, E. Coronado, L. L. Zhao, G. C. Schatz, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2003, 107, 668-677. [13]M. Treguer-Delapierre, J. Majimel, S. Mornet, E. Duguet, S. Ravaine, Gold Bulletin 2008, 41, 195-207. [14]S. Koeppl, N. Ghielmetti, W. Caseri, R. Spolenak, J Nanopart Res 2013, 15, 1-11. [15]S.-S. Chang, C.-W. Shih, C.-D. Chen, W.-C. Lai, C. R. C. Wang, Langmuir 1999, 15, 701-709. [16]X. Ma, M.-C. Wang, J. Feng, X. Zhao, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2015, 637, 36-43. [17]C. Burda, X. Chen, R. Narayanan, M. A. El-Sayed, Chemical reviews 2005, 105, 1025-1102. [18]R. L. Garrell, Analytical Chemistry 1989, 61, 401A-411A. [19]A. Campion, P. Kambhampati, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1998, 27, 241-250. [20]G. L. Hornyak, C. J. Patrissi, C. R. Martin, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 1997, 101, 1548-1555. [21]K. L. Kelly, E. Coronado, L. L. Zhao, G. C. Schatz, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2003, 107, 668-677. [22]I. O. Sosa, C. Noguez, R. G. Barrera, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2003, 107, 6269-6275. [23]S. Eustis, M. A. El-Sayed, Chemical society reviews 2006, 35, 209-217. [24]G. Budroni, A. Corma, Journal of Catalysis 2008, 257, 403-408. [25]M. Boronat, 2013, 25, 50-76. [26]O. Casanova, S. Iborra, A. Corma, ChemSusChem 2009, 2, 1138-1144. [27]S. Albonetti, T. Pasini, A. Lolli, M. Blosi, M. Piccinini, N. Dimitratos, J. A. Lopez-Sanchez, D. J. Morgan, A. F. Carley, G. J. Hutchings, F. Cavani, Catalysis Today 2012, 195, 120-126. [28]L.-S. Zhong, J.-S. Hu, Z.-M. Cui, L.-J. Wan, W.-G. Song, Chemistry of Materials 2007, 19, 4557-4562. [29]S. E. Davis, B. N. Zope, R. J. Davis, Green Chemistry 2012, 14, 143-147. 1

The Classification and Hierarchy of Values Essay -- Philosophy

The Classification and Hierarchy of Values ABSTRACT: I attempt to look into the issue of the ranks of values comprehensively and progressively. Anti-values can be classified into the following six categories by ascending order: (1) the act of destroying the earth-of annihilating humankind and all other living organisms; (2) the act of mass killing of people by initiating a war or committing treason; (3) the act of murdering or causing death to a human being; (4) the act of damaging the body of a human being; (5) the act of greatly harming society; (6) all other crimes not covered by the above. Higher values can be classified into the following five categories in descending rank: (1) absolute values such as absolute truth, absolute goodness, absolute beauty and absolute holiness; (2) the act of contributing to the development and happiness of humankind; (3) the act of contributing to the nation or the state; (4) the act of contributing to the regional society; (5) the act of cultivating oneself and managing one's family well. Generally, people tend to pursue happiness more eagerly than goodness, but because goodness is the higher value than happiness, we ought to pursue goodness more eagerly. In helping people to get the right sense of values and to internalize it, education and enlightenment of citizens based on the guidance of conscience rather than compulsion will be highly effective. 1. Classification of Values I will discuss what kinds of values exist, before talking about their hierarchy. Walter Goodnow Everett classified values into the following eight categories; (1) economic values, (2) bodily values, (3) value of recreation, (4) value of association, (5) character values, (6) aesthetic values, (7) intellectual... ...other crimes not covered by the above. Then, the higher values can be classified into the following five categories by the ranks from the highest one ; (1) absolute values such as absolute truth, absolute goodness, absolute beauty, and absolute holiness, (2) the act of contributing to the development and happiness of the mankind, (3) the act of contributing to the nation or the state, (4) the act of contributing to the regional society, (5) the act of cultivating oneself and managing the family well. Generally speaking, people tend to pursue happiness more eagerly than goodness, but because goodness is the higher value than happiness, we ought to pursue goodness more eagerly. In helping people to get the right sense of values and internalize it, education and enlightenment of citizens based on the guidance of conscience rather than compulsion will be highly effective.

Communism and Mise-en-Scene Technique in the Film Yellow Earth Essay

Communism and Mise-en-Scene Technique in the Film Yellow Earth As one of the earliest films to come out of communist China’s new film schools in the 1980s, director Chen Kaige’s Yellow Earth reveals much about the Chinese communist party’s interpretation of the years before 1949 (the year of the Communist victory in China). Yellow Earth takes on the appearance of Communist propaganda films as the plot and themes develop. The minimalist mise-en-scene technique effectively illustrates the activities and rituals of daily rural Chinese life throughout the film. Nowhere in the film is the effectiveness of this technique more apparent than in the final scene when Han-Han struggles against the crowd to return to Gu. Many of the scenes in Yellow Earth feature long takes that fully illustrate the true passage of time. For instance, characters are often shown walking across the hills and fields from one location to another. Rather than cut these scenes and imply the length of the journey, Kaige leaves the scenes intact, allowing the viewer to fully grasp the vast expanse of space and t...

Broad Narrow View of CSR

In my view the statement ‘the social responsibility of business is to increase profit’ is true to a point, however, I believe a corporation’s responsibilities spread beyond just maximising profits. The ‘Narrow View’ argues that profit maximisation is the only objective for a business. Levitt. T wrote, â€Å"In the end business has only two responsibilities- to obey the elementary canons of face-to-face civility (honesty, good faith and so on) and to seek material gain†. Milton Friedman argued that business has no social responsibilities other than to maximise profit.Friedman also argues that the corporation is an artificial person and can, therefore, only have â€Å"artificial responsibilities. † â€Å"Business† is apparently an even more artificial construct and therefore we are left with just proprietors and corporate executives who can actually be responsible. Because the function of business organisation is to make money, the owners of corporations employ executives to accomplish the goals, thus managers are obliged to act in the interest of owners. According to Friedman, executives have social corporate responsibilities beyond pursuit of profit.They must spend shareholder money for general social interest such as taxing the owners and spending taxes on social causes. (Friedman, 1970) â€Å"There is one and only one social responsibility of business is to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud. † If there was no initiation of force, there is nothing wrong with profit. However, at the same time, there are many instances of initiation of force that give businesses, and the market, the illusion of profit.Most of the time, these initiations of force come in the form of which creates regulation benefiting one company at the disadvantage of free competition or some sort of subsidy which takes money from taxpayers. Every business has a responsibility to its owners and shareholders to increase its profits, but successful businesses also help provide for the community. Financial managers don't often think about the business' social responsibility to increase profits. However, while their main concern may be aking money for themselves and their company, their efforts will often generate revenue within the community, providing benefits which business owners and shareholders may never consider. All things being equal, the profit and loss of a business tells an owner how well or how poorly a business is meeting the wants and needs of individuals in society. This is true for a small or the largest of corporations. It doesn’t matter whether a business services a few folks locally, or a mass of population internationally, the role of profit and loss is still the same in any business situation.The only way a business ca n increase profit is if a business, small, medium, or large is providing something of value to other individuals. Each of these businesses is benefiting someone in society, and the business knows this because of such profit. In contrast to what Friedman and Levitt said about business has other obligations in addition to pursuing profits, the broad view maintain that a corporation has obligations not just to its shareholders but to other constituencies that are affected.Keith Davis stated that social responsibility implies that business decision maker in process of serving his own business interest is obliged to take actions that protect and enhance society’s interest. Shareholders own the company and they entrusts management with their funds and in return the management make as much money for them. The manager of a corporation does indeed have a fiduciary duty to look after the shareholder’s interest. In argue with the narrow view theory, management have duties to othe r constituencies as well like employees and customers. A stakeholder value perspective places worth on social responsibility above profit.However, if the business is not profitable, it cannot provide for its valuable stakeholders. Thus, the business has a social responsibility to all involved to increase its profits. As long as the business works to balance the needs of all stakeholders, it should have no problem meeting its social responsibilities. When businesses increase their profits, they often create new jobs. Employees benefit from these jobs, and the community benefits from the money spent by these employees. When employees are able to spend money and pay taxes, they indirectly contribute to schools, libraries and other public institutions.

Purity of Good and Evil in Ender’s Game Essay

The basis of human nature and the way we interact with one another and ourselves throughout our lives is deeply connected with the idea of good and evil in the human speciescut? This reoccurring theme is seen in all religion, mythology, and modern day stories which all have the constant moral compass of straying from evil and relating to the good through actions and emotions. While it is believed by many that people’s actions shape their internal identity, is that really the case? Ender’s game raises this question with Peter symbolizing evil and portrays ultimate actions of good and Ender symbolizing good while portraying the actions of evil. With the toying of the readers perception of the stereotypical good and evil, Card proves in his writing that emotions, especially remorse, is the factor in which separates good and evil and that the pure form of the two cannot be found in our species’ nature. Throughout Ender’s Game, Ender has a constant internal battle between the wrong that he is forced to do and the good that he naturally contains. Like his sister, he is inherently good, but because he is a genius and ultimately more that of an outcast, he is put in situations where his actions of killing are portrayed of that of Peter. Ender is shown going through three main cycles of violent behavior where he first is an outcast and is tormented by them, then faced with a life death situation, he has no choice but to fight full heartedly. The cycles are Enders fight with Stilson, his fight with Bonso, and his ultimate battle with the Buggers. In each cycle, Ender is unaware that he may and ultimately does kill his opposite. The fact that he is not aware of his doings until the end of the book and is ultimately referred to as â€Å"The Xenocide† His tittle sp is that of what the reader early on saw as Peter’s fate, not Enders, showing Card’s switch on the roles and actions of the good and evil roles within the book. Peter’s emotional development throughout the book does not change or get any less of that than evil, but Peter ultimately does good, showing the other half of Card’s skewing of the roles of pure good and evil. The character of Peter is introduced as a bully that has a main agenda of torturing Ender out of the jealousy that Ender has been chosen by command. After Ender leaves for command school, Peter is shown as a standard sociopath, with the torturing and killing of innocent animals; an early sign that is commonly linked to crime and murder in the child of study’s later life. While the reader would have guessed that Peter would be the one responsible for a genocide instead of Ender, somehow Peter falls into becoming a Great ruler of the Land. Although that is the case, Card doesn’t let the characters actions fool the reader, for Peter is still more on the evil side due to the fact that his sole reason for coming to power is a selfish yearning for control and power. Although both Peter and Ender fulfill their seemingly opposite destinies, they are very much different from one another, because they both remain true to their first intentions. Ender has taken on the role of Peter’s foretold destiny, Card does not show Ender as that of a mass murderer for he did not commit Genocide with no remorse to follow. He was unaware of the Genocide at the time he was committing it, for if he did, he would not have been able to go through with it. â€Å" Of course we tricked you into it. That’s the whole point..It had to be a trick or you couldn’t have done it†¦ We had to have a commander with so much empathy that he would think like the buggers, understand them and anticipate them. So much compassion that he could win the love of his underlings and work with them like a perfect machine, as perfect as the buggers. But somebody with that much compassion cold never be the killer we needed. Could never go into battle willing to win at all costs. If you know, you couldn’t do it. If you were the kind of person who would do it, even if you knew, you could never have understood the buggers well enough†(p.298), a quote said by Graff when explaining to Ender why they tricked him into defeating the Buggers in war. Ender shows compassion and love for his enemies and never fails to feel remorse after the confrontations. Through his cycles mentioned earlier, he never knew he killed anybody until after they were all completed, for if he knew, he would have never been able to fight again and would have been haunted by the fact that he had become as Brutal as Peter. â€Å"In the moment when I truly understand my enemy, understand him well enough to defeat him, then in that very moment I also love him. I think it’s impossible to really understand somebody, what they want, what they believe, and not love them the way they love themselves.† (p. 238) Ender reveals this to Valentine during their visit on land. Card shows that while Peter gets joy out of hurting and may have no real understanding of love, Ender is tortured by the doings unto his enemy for he falls in love with his enemies nature and finds them fascinating. The fact that Ender at the end of the novel goes back and fixes his wrong by repopulating the buggers is another example of his compassion. If there is any thought in the readers mind that Ender is in any way truly violent deep within, they are altered due to this action of reaching out to save the buggers. Card uses Valentine and the adults in the book as a standard to base Peter and Ender off of. Valentine is representative of the majority of human race, the majority that is between good and evil. While the human race is predominantly good, they can easily be swayed into doing things, often feeling remorse, just as Valentine feels when she is helping Peter. While visiting Ender on his leave, Valentine describes her self. â€Å"Two Faces of the same coin. And am I the metal in between.† (p. 236) She holds the two opposites together by being their common ground. The adults in the novel, while mainly absent from both Peter and Ender’s lives, are neither good nor evil for they are complex beings. Card’s use of Children is present because they are simplistic in their good and evil with not much to get in the way and disguise their true agenda. Cards separation between Ender and Peter’s actions from their true intentions shows that he believes that human intentions cannot be that of a pure form of simply the two ends of good and evil. They are skewed throughout lives with factors leading and morphing an individuals take on their internal emotion and what they do with it. While Ender and Peter were close to being the polar ends to our society’s obsession with good and evil, they prove that even the blank primal slate of children is molded. It proves that superheroes are truly immortal because it is impossible for a human to be that of a perfect being, doing no evil what so ever, and that humans are prone to making mistakes. Its how an individual deals with a mistake separates the good from bad.